[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michaelishaus-by-g-d-heumann-after-1740.jpg]
<font size="16">The Michaelis house in Göttingen, Caroline's childhood home (on the right). Rooms were also rented out to students, resulting in some sticky situations with the daughters of the family.
Caroline in 1779: "Believe me, my dear friend, you have good reason to give thanks to God that you were <i>not</i> born in a university town. It is the most dangerous place for a girl, and if it were up to me, I would flee and hide somewhere on earth where I could live peacefully incognito, in possession of your friendship."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gottingen-1747.jpg]Göttingen 1747 (engraving by Georg Daniel Heumann)
<font size="16">Göttingen, Market Square 1747. Caroline was born in 1763 into the family of one of the most prominent professors in Göttingen at the time. She and several of her friends—Dorothea Schlözer, Therese Heyne, Meta Wedekind, and Philippine Gatterer—were known during their youth as the "University Mamsells."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_jdm.jpg]
<font size="16">Johann David Michaelis: Caroline's father, a renowned Orientalist inclined to tell off-color jokes in class. A student recalls:
"A man of impressive physical stature and bearing, dressed as a <i>cavalier, </i>clothes bearing the stripes of rank, in boots and spurs, sword at his side, a pompous gait, a proud countenance betraying both grand intellect and courage, fire in his eyes, which gazed so intently that one was disinclined to look directly at him for long—thus did he stride into the auditorium, the Bible under his arm."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michmd.jpg]
<font size="16">Louise Philippine Antoinette Michaelis, née Schröder: Caroline's mother. Caroline writes in 1778:
"Only think how things would be for me if I did not have as cheerful a temperament as I indeed do! Though I have many reasons to be glum, I forget them so easily, console myself as best I can, and let God take care of the rest. Is it not injury enough that my mother gives preference to my siblings over me?"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-caroline-silhouette.jpg]Caroline Michaelis
<font size="16">Caroline as a young woman in Göttingen, one of the five "University Mamsells." Writing about an awkward early love interest:
"But away with such memories! . . . Why should I, in the blossom of life, make myself so anxious? I want to <i>enjoy </i>my springtime—being but 16 years old and already getting gray hair from worry and care? that is <i>not </i>my thing."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gatterer-philippine-by-jh-tischbein.jpg]Philippine Gatterer by J. H. Tischbein, 1780
<font size="16">Philippine Gatterer: Poet and one of the "University Mamsells." Caroline in 1780: "our Göttingen muse, Mlle. Gatterer...Tischbein painted her as a muse in a sky-blue robe, leaning on a lyre, and with a garland of laurels and roses in her hair. He sent one of the pictures to her here...the second he kept for himself, and the third has been put up in the Cassel art gallery."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_liebeskind-meta-silhouette.jpg]Meta Wedekind, silhouette
<font size="16">Sophie Margarethe Dorothea Wedekind, "Meta": One the five Göttingen "University Mamsells" and someone who reappears frequently throughout Caroline's life. Meta writes after Caroline's death in 1809:
"Oh, my Caroline! You in whom the earlier days of my youth, but in a more beautiful reflection, stood before my soul, days which gently preserved all the ties with my past that are so precious to the human heart. You, my beloved!"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_heyne-therese.jpg]Therese Heyne
<font size="16">Therese Heyne: Caroline's early friend and rival and one of the "University Mamsells." Caroline write in 1781:
"She talks incessantly and always with considerable wit, and for precisely that reason some find her intolerable, while others are bedazzled. Even though on the whole she is not particularly well liked, she does have various open admirers...Despite all her good principles, however, there is much that is false about her."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-dorothea-c1800.jpg]Dorothea Rodde, née Schlözer
<font size="16">Dorothea Schlözer: One of the "University Mamsells," daughter of professor Schlözer, and the second woman (after Dorothea Erxleben) to be awarded a doctorate at a German university. When she was eleven, she accompanied her father on a six-month journey to Italy. Later, as a married woman, she signed her name as "Rodde-Schlözer," possibly the first use of the double surname in German.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gotha-ca-1730.jpg]
<font size="16">Gotha ca. 1730, where Caroline attended boarding school in 1776-78. Her sister Lotte would later attend the same school. Caroline writes in 1783:
"Indeed, even if it were more serious and someone secretly whisked me off to Gotha in a <i>chaise, </i>I would not resist. Sometimes I long for Gotha with such melancholy, not necessarily for the pleasantness of the place itself, but simply to see my friends, to see you again, and to be able to thank you for your lasting friendship with the kind of tenderness and warmth no quill can express, and where a glance, an embrace always says so much more than even a <i>thousand </i>words."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_blumenbach-johann_friedrich.jpg]Johann Friedrich Blumbenbach
<font size="16">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: A Göttingen professor widely viewed as the founder of physical anthropology based on anatomical and physiological features, but also one of Caroline's gentleman admirers in 1777. As it was, however, in 1779 he married Louisa Amalia Brandes, sister of C. G. Heyne's second wife, Georgine.</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_luise-madam-caroline-michaelis-house.jpg]
<font size="16">Luise, Madam, and Caroline Michaelis </font><font size="14">(Otto Cramer Family Archives) </font><font size="16">, silhouette from Caroline's youth.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_heyne-christian_gottlob.jpg]Christian Gottlob Heyne
<font size="16">Christian Gottlob Heyne: Renowned Göttingen professor, classical scholar, archaeologist, neighbor of the Michaelis family, and unrelenting critic of the Michaelis children, especially the daughters. Refers to Caroline in November 1793 as "that depraved creature...such an utterly wretched female, unworthy of any and all respect".</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-august-ludwig-von-1779.jpg]August Ludwig von Schlözer
<font size="16">August Ludwig von Schlözer: Professor in Göttingen, good friend of Caroline's father, and someone with rather radical notions about the education of women.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_reichard-h-a-o.jpg]
<font size="14">H.A.O. Reichard, Gotha librarian with whom Caroline was never quite on good terms. His wife, Amalie, would later be one of her detractors in Gotha. Caroline writes as early as 1778:
"Reichard’s verses enjoy sufficient approbation from me and would perhaps enjoy even more were it not for this terrible prejudice I already harbor against that odious man. I almost believe our hatred is reciprocal; at the very least, we certainly had a falling out during my last visit in Gotha. And yet there was a time when we got along quite well."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_lichtenberg-georg-christoph-um-1780.jpg]Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
<font size="16">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg: An extremely popular lecturer in Göttingen in experimental physics whose letters provide revealing commentary on events there, including some of the same events Caroline mentions.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_mara-elisabeth-by-elisabeth-vigee-lebrun.jpg]Elisabeth Mara, portrait by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
<font size="16">Elisabeth Mara: Operatic singer with essentially a three-octave range, for a time recognized as the greatest singer Germany had produced.
Caroline in 1778: "She gave two concerts here, singing divinely at the first. Someone [Lichtenberg] who had heard the famous Gabrieli told me that Madame Mara sang better. But at the second concert she did <i>not </i>do so well because her husband made her utterly lose her composure with his <i>constant </i>rudeness. Hence he now possesses my complete hatred."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_forster-johann-and-georg-by-john-francis-rigaud.jpg]Johann and Georg Forster
<font size="16">World travelers Johann and Georg Forster: In 1779, Caroline mentions the elder Forster's financial problems in England:
"Monsieur Forster is here to distract himself a bit, since he is quite melancholy, and I do believe he has reason to be. His fate is not among the most agreeable. His father causes him considerable anxiety; they were not fair to him in London, he has not been compensated for his voyage, and Lord Sendwich despicably surrendered him over to the king."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_washington-granger-collection-ny.jpg]
<font size="15">George Washington</font><font size="14"> (Granger Collection, New York)</font><font size="16">. Caroline's half-brother, Fritz, was a staff medical officer with Hessian troops in America during the Revolutionary War. Caroline writes in February 1780:
"The most recent newspapers reported that Washington was dead, and I was all ready to celebrate his death when, unfortunately, I learned I would be rejoicing in vain, since he was still in the best of health. Perhaps he has no more desire to die than I. I do not believe, however, that the war can last much longer, though the death of Washington, who must be an excellent general, would have put an end to everything, and I would have seen the best of brothers once again."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_pyrmont-in-the-18th-century.jpg]
<font size="16">Pyrmont in the 18th Century: promenade in 1780. Caroline enjoyed a heady visit with her father during his stay at this trendy resort spa in the summer of 1780:
"I was impressed more than I can tell you by the beauty of the place and by the multitude of foreigners. It is impossible for me to describe it for you. The road was illuminated that same evening, there was a ball, and we saw Pyrmont in all its brilliance. The next day we were introduced and received with the greatest politeness and graciousness, and I made the most <i>agreeable </i>acquaintances there."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_koenigsberg-view.jpg]
<font size="15">View from the Königsberg near Pyrmont. Caroline continues her travelogue:
"We took a carriage tour to <i>Königsberg, </i>which owes this name to the king of Prussia, whose favorite promenade it was during his own stay at Pyrmont; they have also marked the place where he was accustomed to sit. How could I describe for you the charming and varied environs that presented themselves to my gaze there".</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frederick-duke-of-york.jpg]
<font size="14">Frederick Duke of York, who may not have been as chaste during his visits to Göttingen in 1781 as Caroline assumed: "The reason they sent him to Hannover is his love for one of the ladies of the queen, beautiful and virtuous, and whom he could even marry were the king to make her a duchess. Nevertheless they wanted to divert him from her through absence, but in vain, since up till now he has remained constant even though his seducers have set countless traps for him, they even gave him the most beautiful girls in Hannover for his service, to make the beds, etc., yet he does not even <i>look </i>at them...but young, without experience, open to every impression, will he always be able to resist?"
"One great fault I find with him is that he has little about him of a bishop, so little in fact that it even vexes me a bit to call him such; he is neither large <i>nor </i>fat, and loves neither wine <i>nor </i>women."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_franziska-von-hohenheim.jpg]
<font size="14">Franziska von Hohenheim, second wife—but initially mistress—of the Duke of Württemberg. Caroline in March 1781:
"This week the Duke of Württemberg and the Countess of Hohenheim—<i>who is traveling with him—</i>honored our city. He visited all the lectures...the library, disputations...everything one could think of...She went along, then spent the rest of the time at the inn being <i>bored. </i>Everyone who has seen her offers the most charming description; she is allegedly not beautiful but is extremely pleasant, learned, and endowed with ample good sense and understanding....He is ugly, and she is probably not really in love with him even though she left her husband for his sake."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_k-e.jpg]
<font size="15">Carl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (oil by J.F. Weckherlin). Caroline continues her account in March 1781:
"Every other word he speaks is 'virtue' or 'religion,' he who <i>oppresses </i>feminine virtue, who <i>shatters </i>the peace of so many families...Oh, how I <i>despise </i>him! If you want to know what he looks like, then imagine a large man, not slender, with a reddish face, a big nose along with small <i>ditos </i>on it, large, protruding eyes, a short brown jacket, a sulfur-yellow vest so long that one could hardly see the black-satin leggings over which his gray stockings were wrapped in the old-fashioned style, for his vest and stockings overlapped, and finally boots that had been stiffened with whalebone, and who walks with the gait of an old man."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gallitzin-adelheid-amalie.jpg]Amalie von Gallitzin
<font size="15">Amalie von Gallitzin: Eclectic, erudite follower of the Enlightenment and later salonnière in Münster, here dressed a bit differently than Caroline describes in September 1781:
"We have had a visitor here who is quite singular, a certain <i>princesse </i>de Gallizin...An extremely knowledgeable woman, dressed in a sort of Greek drapery cloth, with short-trimmed hair, flat shoes...who goes to bathe with an entourage of 6 to 8 gentleman in broad daylight in our Leine River."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_nicolai-friedrich-2.jpg]Friedrich Nicolai
<font size="16">Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin Enlightenment representative who dined with Caroline's family in October 1781 during his tour of Germany. Eighteen-year-old Caroline writes:
"A man who certainly seems to possess a generous measure of genius, spirit, and finesse, but who despite all his <i>savoir vivre </i>would not know enough to conceal either his religious principles <i>or </i>the rather grand idea he has of himself."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_kotzebue-august-von-by-heinsius-um-1800.jpg]August von Kotzebue
<font size="16">August von Kotzebue: Prolific playwright and actor who will appear frequently later as a nemesis of the Jena circle, but who in 1781 and 1782 was one of Lotte Michaelis's suitors, passing secret letters along to her through a friend:
"Please be careful not to confuse these girls when you pass the letter along. Her name is <i>Lotte, </i>she has black eyes, long eyelashes, looks like an angel, and is not very tall...It is imperative that <i>not a single soul </i>learn anything about either the letter or the entire matter."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_bgg.jpg]
<font size="16">Botanical Garden, Göttingen, 1758: Caroline writes on 2 March 1782:
"That same evening, just when everyone was expecting the greatest trouble, someone cried 'fire,' the drummer began beating his drum, the bells sounded, and we learned simultaneously that the fire was allegedly in the prorector’s house. It was indeed there, in the orangery of his botanical garden, but was quickly extinguished. It was extremely cold, with the wind blowing toward the city, and since the students would not have helped, Göttingen could easily have been lost. But everything is tranquil at the moment."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-lotte.jpg]
<font size="15">Charlotte (Lotte) Michaelis. Silhouette from the album of the Hungarian Gregorius Franz von Berceviczy (1763–1822), who studied in Göttingen during the years 1784–86. If the silhouette was genuinely done during those years, Lotte would have been between 18 and 20 years old at the time (born 1766).</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_hann-muenden.jpg]
<font size="15">Hann. Münden, 21km southwest of Göttingen, where Caroline stopped with Madam Schlözer on their way to Kassel to meet Professor Schlözer and his daughter, Dorothea, on the latters' return from Italy in April 1782. Caroline writes:
"On our way there, in Münden, we were also present at a peculiar but rather sad drama, namely, the embarkation of troops for America. What a broad, diverse, and yet dreadful departure scene. It is easy enough to understand what it mostly meant to <i>me </i>[Caroline's brother Fritz had been a staff medical officer with the Hessian troops in America]. The area around Münden is so romantic that it seems to have been created for just such a scene. Although I have no need to tell you, my dear Luise, how much Kassel pleased me, I must say I was bothered by the notion that in Münden the landgrave [Friedrich II of Kassel] was selling human beings in order to build <i>palaces </i>in Kassel."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-house-in-gottingen.jpg]House of August Ludwig von Schlözer in Göttingen
<font size="16">House of A.W. von Schlözer in Göttingen. In April 1782, Caroline and Frau Schlözer accompanied Herr Schlözer and Dorothea from Kassel back to Göttingen after the latters' six-month tour of Italy:
"We finally arrived quite splendidly in Göttingen, if I do say so myself: 3 on horseback leading the way, then our carriage with 4 passengers, the Roman Travel Society with 6 horses, and a cabriolet bringing up the rear. Our entourage grew such that when we finally got out in front of the Schlözer’s house, over 100 people had assembled, and Schlözer was almost carried into the house and we ourselves had trouble pushing our way through the crowd."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_kerstlingerode.jpg]
<font size="15">Kerstlingerode, ca. 10km southeast of Göttingen. Therese Heyne relates what she calls a "scandalous story" about an excursion on 27 Feburary 1783 to the village of Kerstlingerode involving Caroline, Lotte Michaelis, and several Göttingen students:
"The two Michaelis girls took a walk with Frankenberg, and on their way back go into an open barn where there is lots of hay lying around, and there, as Koskull said, they cavorted in an <i>indecent </i>manner. Koskull went over and closed the door and blocked it with a big piece of wood. The next day Poel asked Frankenberg in the lecture hall whether he knew a certain song, a very <i>nice </i>one in fact, and passed him a note with the words, <i>"Three geese a-sitting a-there in the hay, so merry were they, so happy a-day; then came three men down into the chaff, each carrying an oh-so-large large staff, asking out loud, Who's there? Who's there? Just three geese a-sitting a-there in the hay, so merry were they, so happy a-day..."</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotz-lenardo-und-blandine.jpg]Joseph Franz von Götz, Lenardo und Blandine engravings
<font size="16">Joseph Franz von Götz's <i>Lenardo und Blandine </i>(1783), 160 engravings illustrating G.A. Bürger's ballade by the same name (1776) almost after the fashion of modern comic-book panels. Caroline in April 1784:
"I recently saw a similar curiosity in the etchings of <i>Lenardo und Blandine </i>by Baron Götz. Is it already available in Gotha? Gotter will find it delightfully refreshing. If only the drawings were not so untrue, occasionally eliciting more a sense of the ridiculous than addressing one’s feelings. But the overall collection is splendid and really is a singular idea."
To see the entire collection of engravings, click <a target="_blank" href="http://www.konkykru.com/e.goez.1783.lenardo.und.blandine.1.html"><u>here</u></a>.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_papiermuehle-graf-von-hoffmannsegg-1787.jpg]Paper Mill in Weende (1787 watercolor Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg)
<font size="15">The Paper Mill in Weende, north of Göttingen, a popular excursion locale Caroline visited with her brother Fritz and Therese Heyne in May 1784:
"One morning the three of us went to the Paper Mill, where we spent 6 very enjoyable hours. As an aside, let me tell you about a company of people we encountered there. A certain Madam Elise Bethmann from Frankfurt is currently staying here to have her child’s illness treated...Her husband is Germany’s premier <i>banquier. </i>Of course, she cannot stand him, since she herself does not really make anything of the uncertainty of wealth...She speaks disparagingly about her husband and is a poor teacher, e.g., pinching her children in public; and yet she is knitting money purses for forty of her intimate lady friends."
One of those children, Sophie, would prove instrumental in securing Caroline's release from prison in 1793.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-georg-ludwig.jpg]Georg Ludwig Böhmer
<font size="16">Georg Ludwig Böhmer: Göttingen professor and Caroline's father-in-law; she married his son Johann Franz Wilhelm Böhmer on 15 June 1784, a man chosen for her by her family in part because of his friendship with her brother and in part because of his mother's connections in Hannover and London.</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_clausthal-1853.jpg]Clausthal, 1853 (engraving Rohbock/Poppel)
<font size="16">Clausthal in the Upper Harz Mountains: Caroline lived here from 1784 till 1788 with her first husband, Franz Wilhelm Böhmer, who was the town physician. Her two daughters, Auguste and Therese, were born here.
Caroline in 1784: "Today I again paid some visits, to Cousin Schichtrupp, among others; his wife—a fine piece of livestock—looks like a human tam-‘o-shanter. He is horribly ignorant. He once heard about the American war but did not know whether Hansel or Gretel was fighting it. At the Prauns’s house...Madam von Reden was quite sweet, adorned from head to toe like a royal maternity bed. <i>Bouche close!"</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_oker-1840-by-a-schule-after-w-ripe.jpg]Oker near Goslar (engraving A. Schule)
<font size="16">Oker near Goslar, 1840, an excursion destination for Caroline and Franz Wilhelm Böhmer from Clausthal in 1784. Caroline writes:
"But now take an excursion with me into the domain of love. 14 days ago we traveled through Goslar to Oker, a locale with a hundred houses situated at the foot of a steep, forested mountain and bordered quite closely on the other side by the Oker River. We were visiting an acquaintance and spent one night with him. The route to Goslar itself is beautiful and, at the midpoint, quite charming when, emerging from the dense forest, one has a view of the whole countryside extending even past Halberstadt."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_goslar-merian-1653.jpg]Goslar 1653 (Merian Collection)
<font size="16">Goslar, ca. 16 km northeast of Clausthal. Caroline and Franz Böhmer passed through it on their way to Oker in 1784. Caroline writes:
"But in Goslar itself—as soon as from a far distance you glimpse the needlepoint shapes of the octagonal towers—nature itself dies away, the grass withers, and everything languishes and droops toward the ground. You travel between bare mountains and then through a gate—where from sheer fright love itself would have to breathe out its last sigh, else fall into fearsome despair...Monasteries without windows and churches without number, and everywhere 16-cornered watchtowers that look like chained guard dogs."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-auguste-familienarchiv-otto-cramer.jpg]
<font size="15">Auguste Böhmer ("Auta," "Gustl"; born 1785), oil portrait by J. F. A. Tischbein 1798 <font size="12">(Otto Cramer Family Archives)</font>, <font size="15"> Caroline's first daughter and one of the most important persons in this correspondence, from soiling her bed as a child to taking lessons in Greek from Friedrich Schlegel as a teenager. She writes an epistolary poem to Friedrich in 1799:
"You can see how totally crazy I've got / Full of sillies that threaten quite to besot. / The reason? 'Tis simple: Herr <i>Faust </i>have I read, / Whose spirit now rules in my own spirit’s stead."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_katlenburg-von-osten.jpg]The Katlenburg Estate (photo courtesy Birgit and Kristian Schlegel, Katlenburg)
<font size="16">The Katlenburg estate from the east, the direction from which Caroline would have approached, above the village formerly known as Duhm. Even before an anticipated journey to Göttingen in 1785, Caroline was acquainted with the locale, the estate, and the magistrate occupying the residence. The route to Göttingen passed by the estate. She writes in June:
"My mother-in-law is once again spending some time at a mineral springs spa near here, and I will be accompanying her [to Göttingen]; I am really looking forward to it, and they in their own turn are looking forward to seeing me and my child. Along the way, which passes by the Catlenburg—thus the name of the fairy castle of Magistrate [Johann Arnold] Reinbold [Caroline's mother's uncle]—I am hoping to see Madam Sturz."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_paradis-maria-theresia.jpg]
<font size="14">Maria Theresia Paradis: Lotte Michaelis, Caroline's sister, writes to Caroline about a private performance in Göttingen by this blind Viennese singer in 1785:
"Then suddenly Mademoiselle Paradis began to play and to sing a song that always drives me crazy for at least an hour afterward—and as soon as I heard it, I jumped up, ran over to her—Louise right behind me—and now she began to laugh and said she had <i>arranged </i>with Gerwin and Madam Less to sing <i>exactly </i>this song, and they had all bet I would leap up from the ground as soon as I heard it!"</font> [img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_gittelde.jpg]
<font size="16">Gittelde, ca. 10 km east of Clausthal (contemporary photo). Caroline apparently visited the small village on several occasions. She writes in June 1785:
"Until then I will also be taking several excursion to Gittelde to see Madam Böhmer, Louise B[öhmer], and the <i>Hofrat </i>[Louise's fiancé, Georg Jacob Friedrich Meister]. The summer, which has arrived so slowly, will pass quickly amid many such distractions."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_clausthal-ca-1900-2.jpg]
<font size="16">Clausthal im Harz, ca. 1900: Caroline and Franz Wilhelm Böhmer lived in a house essentially adjacent to the Church of the Holy Spirit at the center of this postcard. After Böhmer's death on 4 February 1788, he was buried in the Old Cemetery barely 100 paces from their home. Caroline writes:
"Suffering gently is requiring the most strenuous effort of which I am capable just now, and is certainly necessary, for the eruptions of my grief, the violent tears of mournful misery do nothing but harm me straightaway...It is not as if I were trying to empty myself of all feeling or as if the images of the past were less vivid—your Caroline is a living monument to the deceased, he lives in my heart with the most vivid presence—the reflection of that final, smiling, grateful look in his eyes is still in mine—that is how I feel now—and yet, precisely because these images, perpetually hovering around me, draw me away from reality, they make my condition easier."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_marburg.jpg]
<font size="16">Marburg in Hessia, where Caroline lived with her brother Fritz from the summer of 1789 to the autumn of 1791. Her youngest daughter, Therese, died here in December 1789, an event Caroline movingly recounts in her letters.
Caroline in 1789: "Marburg has little—but it suffers neither from stultifying uniformity nor from the conceit of an imperial city. The people here are not as cultivated and are more talkative, but they are also more tolerant. I am very well liked here because my heart casts a cloak over the merits of my mind such that the expressions of <i>both </i>are then credited to me as something of merit."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-1875.jpg]
<font size="15">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg ca. 1875 (house on left; demolished in 1965), where Caroline, Auguste, and Röschen resided with her half-brother, Fritz. Caroline writes about her room:
"In it are my own and my children’s beds and a night table, and all the silhouettes—surrounded by the shadow of my loved one[s]—the silhouette of my father with the wreathe of wilted flowers hangs over my sofa, and Lotte at Werther’s grave."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_la-roche-sophie-von-by-unbekannt-um-1780.jpg]
<font size="16">Sophie von La Roche: Caroline socialized with this famous authoress in Marburg, albeit not without some unkind criticism of her novels:
"I promised to embroider her a cap if...she would send me the <i>Mannheimer Briefe, </i>which are allegedly the best thing she has written...She agreed on the condition that I give her my opinion of <i>Miss Lony—</i>fortunately I had not read it yet, for surely I can come up with <i>something </i>that is true, <i>something </i>I can praise, which will doubtless, however, still not interest me."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_elisabethkirche_0.jpg]
<font size="15">Marburg, Church of St. Elisabeth, whose construction was begun in 1235 over the tomb of Elizabeth of Thuringia (in background: what Caroline refers to as her "hexed castle"). Caroline writes on a Sunday morning in 1789:
"Yesterday evening the Schulers and Hansteins had tea with us, and we made arrangements for several outings, one to the Church of St. Elisabeth and St. Elisabeth’s washing fountain, and to the Frauenberg."
(Concerning "St. Elszabeth's washing fountain," see the next gallery image.)</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_elisabethwaschhaus.jpg]
<font size="14">Marburg, St. Elisabeth's Fountain at the corner of Bahnhofsstrasse, Elisabethstrasse, and Wehrdaer Weg</font> <font size="12">(photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.marburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=20616">Stadtarchiv Marburg</a></u></font><font size="15">). According to a late 18th-century text, St. Elisabeth used its waters for washing. Although another fountain in Marburg is associated with St. Elisabeth, Caroline seems to be referring to two rather than three outings, i.e., one to the church and nearby (ca. 100m) fountain (not yet another to the fountain outside town), the other to Frauenberg Castle.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_marburg-1842-talansicht.jpg]
<font size="16">Marburg ca. 1842 (painting by Georg Michael Mades), showing—to the right—the Lahn River and valley Caroline could see from her room. She writes in December 1789, during the final days of Röschen's illness:
"I, too, am not yet feeling well, and since you have been gone there have been very few days when I have even been able to go outside—which is why I have also essentially forgotten about the entire world, excepting my room and my valley, through which the river runs and a couple of ravens take friendly flight."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frauenberg-burgruine.jpg]
<font size="16">Frauenberg Castle ruins near Marburg. Caroline enjoyed a picnic there in August 1790, writing to Lotte Michaelis:
"On Sunday we enjoyed a delightful company, almost 100 people, though by a long shot not all our better society. The setting was heavenly, out in the open countryside with tall oaks towering over us at the foot of the Frauenberg castle and with a view so heavenly it simply defies description."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frauenberg-burgruine-2.jpg]
<font size="16">Frauenberg Castle ruins near Marburg.
"We ate under tents, everything free and easy and sumptuous. During the afternoon, when the farmers assembled, the girls were drawn into the dancing...Saturnalias were celebrated that came close to being Bacchanalias, though they stopped <i>just </i>in time."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_burger-gottfried-august-2.jpg]
<font size="16">Gottfried August Bürger: The Göttingen poet for whom Caroline maintained an affectionate understanding. Caroline in 1791:
"If I had space, I would write you about literary things—about Schiller, who stripped Bürger of all human dignity in a review, and about Bürger, who knows how to defend himself only with irony—a weapon that generally misfires in the hands of most writers, since most writers are <i>men—</i>and also about Bürger the husband, the shadows of whose blessed deceased wives are now taking revenge in his present, living one."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_burger-elise-hahn.jpg]Elise Bürger, née Hahn
<font size="15">Elise Bürger, as Cleopatra in Kotzebue's <i>Oktavia</i>. Gottfried August Bürger's third wife, notorious in Göttingen for her randy behavior with students, including Caroline's brother Philipp. Bürger writes to Wilhelm Schlegel in 1792:
"This past winter I had to secure a legal divorce from the most wasteful, extravagent, hypocritical, wanton, and adulterous of all women under God's sun...A museum piece of marital vice equal to <i>this </i>woman will probably never again exist in nature."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-johann-david-ca-1790-by-c-a-f-lafontaine.jpg]
<font size="14">J.D. Michaelis, 1790, Caroline's father, who died on 22 August 1791 but whose later years were embittered. Caroline in late 1790:
"Our father is not very happy even as it is—he is so irritable, and his old age is becoming such a burden to him that the mere <i>thought </i>of contributing to the trouble he is already experiencing would terrify me. Consider for a moment this man who has so utterly outlived himself, and precisely where he might yet find a measure of enjoyment, namely, in his children, what do they give him instead?"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotter-luise.jpg]Luise Gotter
<font size="16">Luise Gotter, née Stieler: One of Caroline's childhood friends and her most loyal correspondent throughout Caroline's life. She writes to Schelling after Caroline's death in 1809:
"I count my friendship with her, a friendship that began in my early youth, among the most fortunate occurrences of my life. Every hour spent with her was pure gain for both heart and mind."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotter-friedrich-wilhelm-stich-von-lavater.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter
<font size="16">Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter: This writer, an acquaintance of Goethe from their days in Wetzlar, later married one of Caroline's lifelong friends and most consistent correspondents, Luise Stieler.
In the autumn of 1791, Caroline and her younger sister, Luise, traveled to Gotha to visit the Gotters. While there, Caroline was wooed by a certain distinguished clergyman.</font> [img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_loeffler.jpg]
<font size="15">J.F.C. Löffler: The Gotha clergyman who tried to entice the widowed Caroline back into marriage. In some ways, he was to Caroline what Mr. Collins was to Elizabeth Bennet. Caroline:
"I admittedly could have made myself <i>quite </i>useful to the state by keeping a proper household for him and by raising another half dozen children just like my own, one and only, dear little girl—but all that will happen just as well <i>without </i>me."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-1860.jpg]
<font size="16">Mainz (here ca. 1860), where Caroline and Auguste arrived in late February or early March 1792. She writes in peculiar anticipation on 20 April 1792, without knowing about France's declaration of war against Austria that same day:
"In a word, I can tell you that everything is just as I expected. We may yet see some rather lively scenes here if war should break out—not for the life of me would I leave—just imagine, I will be able to tell my grandchildren how I experienced a siege, and how the people cut off an old clergyman’s long nose and the Democrats then roasted it publicly in the market place—we are, after all, living in an extraordinarily interesting time politically."
During Caroline's initial visit to Mainz back in the spring of 1790, however, things were rather idyllic. She writes in March 1791:
"Such beautiful evenings, climbing into a skiff late at night and simply letting ourselves drift down the Rhine."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_forster-georg-ca-1785.jpg]Georg Forster
<font size="16">Georg Forster, ca. 1785: Participated in James Cook's 2nd voyage to the south seas, supported the French Revolution, and was a major player in the Mainz Republic. Married Therese Heyne in 1785, who left him in Mainz in December 1792; Caroline was subsequently accused of having ruined their marriage and even of having tried to ensnare Forster himself into marriage.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-marktplatz.jpg]Mainz, Marketplace, undated postcard
<font size="16">Mainz, Marketplace.
Caroline in October 1792: "What a change we’ve had since a week ago—General Custine is living in the castle of the Elector of Mainz—the German Jacobin Club assembles in his banquet hall—the streets are teeming with National Cockades. – The strange tones that once cursed freedom now strike up the tune of <i>vivre libre ou mourir. </i>If only I had the patience to write and you to read, I could relate much to you. – We now have over 10,000 men in the city, and calm and order predominate. All the nobles have fled—citizens are treated with extreme consideration—such is politics."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_huber-therese-c1820.jpg]Therese Huber, ca. 1820
<font size="16">Therese Huber (earlier: Forster), here in a later picture. She left Mainz (and Georg Forster) on 7 December 1792. Caroline: "From a human perspective, this is the worst decision she has ever made, and the first step of which I disapprove without reservation." She married Ludwig Ferdinand Huber in 1794 after Forster's death.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig-ferdinand-westermanns-ms-1903.jpg]L. F. Huber (image: Westermanns Illustrierte Deutsche Monatshefte [1903])
<font size="16">Ludwig Ferdinand Huber: Huber appears in several capacities in this correspondence, not only as Therese Heyne's second husband and the role he played in her decision to abandon Georg Forster in Mainz, but also because of his harsh reviews of the Schlegel brothers' works, prompting some devastating responses from Caroline that are among her finer epistolary moments.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_stock-dora_0.jpg]Dora Stock, self-portrait
<font size="16">Dora Stock, self-portrait: Sister-in-law of Schiller's friend Christian Gottfried Körner, and the woman Huber left behind for Therese Forster, prompting commensurate ire from, among others, Schiller.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_sommerring-samuel-thomas-von.jpg]
<font size="16">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, one of Caroline's most resolute adversaries. He writes to Therese Forster's father on 6 April 1793:
"I know for certain now from Madam Böhmer's own statements that <i>she </i>was the cause of the separation between Forster and his wife; she congratulated herself for having finally prompted a declaration between Forster and Therese; <i>nota bene </i>only <i>after </i>Therese's departure."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-johann-georg-wilhelm-brother-in-law_0.jpg]
<font size="15">Johann Georg Wilhelm Böhmer: Caroline's brother-in-law, though regrettably also a major player in the Mainz Republic. Caroline was apparently mistaken for his wife while attempting to flee Mainz. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring writes to Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen on 27 July 1793:
"Böhmer was arrested outside the city gates disguised as a sans-cullote, beaten, and his wife pulled from the carriage by her hair."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_custine.jpg]
<font size="14">Adam Philippe de Custine, French general who took Mainz in the fall of 1792. Gossip had Caroline as his mistress:
"Custine himself allegedly had himself wed for two months to the wife of Doctor *…Custine allegedly had Madam*. . constantly driven around Mainz in the sumptuous state carriage of the prince elector accompanied by two Haiduks. *The lady in question here was...the infamous Caroline Böhmer…an intelligent, fiery, physically well-endowed woman."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-siege-1793.jpg]
<font size="15">Siege of Mainz in 1793 (direction to Königstein, where Caroline would be imprisoned and hear the artillery, indicated at bottom right). Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring writes to Therese Forster's father on 6 April 1793 from Frankfurt (where Caroline was initially taken):
"Mainz is now completely and tightly surrounded. The <i>Favorite </i>has been entirely razed, the <i>Carthaus </i>[edifices in and around Mainz] almost completely, though neither Mainz nor Castel has yet been bombarded. . . . Madam Wedekind, Mother Forkel, and the widow Böhmer similarly could not get any further than Oppenheim. Although the latter three were trying to get to Göttingen and Gotha by way of Frankfurt, it was Madam <i>Böhmer's </i>fault they were put under guard in Hattersheim and then brought here. I saw her both before and after the hearing, where to me she seemed to have behaved in a <i>quite </i>unwomanly fashion."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_konigstein-merian.jpg]
<font size="14">Königstein Fortress, here before its destruction by the French on 7 September 1796. J.H. Liebeskind describes his impression as he, Meta Forkel, and Caroline arrived:
"The ancient, high walls, the dull, enclosed air shaft, the cold, damp vapors that no sun warms, the various sentries whose steps echo in the corridors, the clanging of the large iron locks on the cells, and the deathly silence, which otherwise was spread out over everything like black down, the pale faces of the prisoners, the timidity with which occasionally the one or other quietly utters a few syllables, the sighs that often break forth quite loudly: all this could not but fill each and every person with the most gloomy premonition."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein.jpg]Gravesite of Lotte Michaelis (photo Göttinger Tageblatt/Hinzmann)
<font size="15">Gravesite of Lotte Dieterich, née Michaelis <font size="12">(photo <a target="_blank" href="http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de/Users/Wir-ueber-uns/GT/Fotografie/Christina-Hinzmann/%28from%29/40531"><u>Christina Hinzmann</u></a>), <font size="15">Caroline's sister who died on 2 April 1793 after childbirth (a bitter medical scandal resulted). Caroline in June:
"The same week I lost my freedom, Lotte lost her life in childbirth. My mother is grieving, but Lotte is better off this way—she was happy when she died and could still have experienced so much misfortune had she lived longer."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_konigstein-1900.jpg]
<font size="15">Königstein Fortress, ca. 1900. Caroline was imprisoned here from 8 April–14 June 1793. She writes in May 1793, now aware of her pregnancy:
"You spoke more of the truth than you might imagine—namely, that a long period of imprisonment would endanger my life—albeit in a different sense—as you will learn from me in any event. Please do not relate this to <i>anyone</i>."
She remarks later on her contemplation of suicide:
"My conviction was merely that the shame, indeed, the scandal that would invariably have accompanied any discovery of my condition at the time would necessarily be disadvantageous to the destiny of this eight-year-old girl [Auguste] and would ineradicably, bitterly hurt all those who, near and far, were sympathetic to me. That is why I was indeed able to contemplate the idea."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_siege-of-mainz.jpg]Siege of Mainz
<font size="16">The siege of Mainz in 1793, oil by Georg Schneider. Caroline writes from her imprisonment on Königstein in May: "Here in the castle garden I can hear the thunder of the artillery, and only a nearby mountain keeps me from seeing the entire scene itself."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_kronenberg.jpg]Kronenberg (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division)
<font size="15">Kronenberg (contemporary Kronberg; here between 1890 and 1905), where Caroline and Auguste arrived on 14 April 1793—albeit still under house arrest—after having been released from the prison in the fortress Königstein, where they had been since 8 April. Caroline writes on 15 April:
"My health has been greatly weakened—but, truly, the inner serenity of my soul is so little dampened that today, here in a room of my own which even has <i>chairs </i>(since 8 April, the only thing I beheld was tall wooden benches) and in a place where I no longer have to see prison guards or sentries, I have the courage to feel happy even though I am plagued by headaches and by an incessant cough that has now become chronic."
She and Auguste would remain there until efforts by her brother Philipp Michaelis would free them on 13 July.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_friedrich-wilhelm-ii.jpg]
<font size="14">Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia ca. 1792. Luise Wiedemann recounts in her memoirs:
"My brother Dr. [Philipp] Michaelis ... immediately turned to Sophie Bethmann, who told him he should come to her garden the next morning, where the King of Prussia (who was courting her) would be coming as well. He [Philipp] was to bring along his petition and come up and hand it to her. She then passed it along to the king, and the following day she [Caroline] was free!!!! What [Professor A.L.] Schlözer was unable to bring about, the much feared and respected <a href="/dramatis-personae/persons-s/#SchlözerAugust">Schlözer</a>, was effected through but a single word by a beautiful young girl who despised the king and never accepted his advances."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_goschen-georg-joachim-1.jpg]
<font size="16">Georg Joachim Göschen: Leipzig publisher who assisted Caroline during her pregnancy after her imprisonment. Caroline on 15 August 1793 from Lucka:
"Göschen himself seems as upright as he is eager to help.... Through his mediation, I am now living in a small country town, as quiet as a cemetery, three miles from Leipzig in the Altenburg area, in the house of an elderly, unmarried, sickly physician who is allegedly quite skilled in the specialty in which I require his assistance."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_goschen-henriette-nee-heun.jpg]
<font size="15">Henriette Göschen, née Heun, in later years: wife of Georg Joachim Göschen in Leipzig, with whose family Caroline initially stayed in July 1793. Caroline writes in her first letter from Lucka in August 1793:
"I, too, realized that because Göschen knew so much, and because he and his wife were in a position to guess so much, it would be much safer for me to confide in them. They have been so active on my behalf and have accepted me so warmly that I would be severely mistaken were it not <i>they </i>whom I should have to thank first and last."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-1793-by-f-a-tischbein.jpg]
<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel: Caroline's second husband and one of the major figures of early German Romanticism. A suitor of Caroline during his time as a student in Göttingen, he later generously assisted her while she was imprisoned, even securing poison for her should she choose suicide rather than exposure as the mistress of a French officer. Madame de Staël would later comment on his expressive eyes.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-by-caroline-rehberg-1790.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, ca. 1790 (portrait by Caroline Rehberg)
<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel: Wilhelm's younger brother and one of the leading figures of early German Romanticism. Friedrich took care of many practical matters for Caroline while she was carrying her child to term in Lucka in 1793. This picture dates from approximately that period.</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena-from-the-southwest.jpg]Jena from the southwest
<font size="16">Jena from the southwest. Caroline and Wilhelm Schlegel moved here in July 1796, and it was here, especially in 1799-1800, that the early Romantics were assembled in what might be understood more narrowly as a genuine "circle."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena_1900.jpg]Jena ca. 1900 (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)
<font size="16">Jena ca. 1900. Caroline writes a few days after her arrival in July 1796: "The fresh air dispelled my headache. Schlegel was afraid the rock cliffs at the entrance to the town might frighten me off. But I only paid attention to what is good and pleasant about the place and have already become quite good friends with this romantic valley."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_niethammer-friedrich-immanuel.jpg]Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer
<font size="16">Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer: Jena professor and a Swabian countryman of Schelling. After initially living in provisional quarters in a garden house somewhere between the Löbder Gate and the Paradise greenspace, in October 1796 the Schlegels moved into the rear part of a house he owned (through marriage) in Jena, on Leutragasse. He would later be Schelling's colleague in Würzburg as well.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5.jpg]
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena-stadtplan.jpg]Map of Jena in 1758 (Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Map of Jena in 1758: Caroline's residence at Leutragasse 5 (here called "Leutergasse"; the number 5 was assigned in 1887) is shown by the arrow. The house was built in the late 17th century and was the central gathering place for the Jena circle.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-3.jpg]Courtyard of Caroline's Residence in Jena (postcard, private collection)
<font size="16">Courtyard of Caroline's Residence in Jena at Leutragrasse 5, undated photo:
This arched portal from Leutragasse can be seen in the earlier rear view of the house. Four of what were likely Caroline's five first-floor apartment windows (the first is hidden) are visible immediately to the left, just beyond the passageway.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hufeland-gottlieb.jpg]
<font size="15">Gottlieb Hufeland, one of the editors of the <i>Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung</i>, with which the Jena circle eventually had irreconcilable differences. Initially the two families were good neighbors at Leutragasse 5. Caroline Tischbein writes in her memoirs:
"The law professor <i>Hufeland</i> lived just across from them [Caroline and Wilhelm]—I believe their houses, separated by a courtyard, belonged together. Madam Hufeland was an extremely elegant, vivacious woman and, like her husband, close friends with the Schlegels."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_paulus-heinrich-eberhard-gottlob-by-johann-heinrich-lips.jpg]Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus
<font size="16">H. E. G. Paulus: Jena professor, initially a social acquaintance of the Schlegel's in Jena, later Schelling's colleague and nemesis in Würzburg. Friedrich and Wilhelm seem to have engaged in some serious flirtation with his wife, Karoline (described as "not exactly inaccessible"), and Caroline maliciously wonders whether the Pauluses' son, Wilhelm, born in 1802, had an apostle (Paulus) as his father, or an evangelist (A. F. Marcus), with the latter of whom she suspected Karoline Paulus of having had an affair. Wilhelm Schlegel married the Pauluses' daughter, Sophie, in 1818 but never lived with her.</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_griesbach-house.jpg]Griesbach House in Jena
<font size="16">House of the theologian Johann Jakob Griesbach, where Schiller lived 13 April 1795—3 Dezember 1799 (St. Michael's church in the left background). Caroline writes in July 1796, just after arriving in Jena:
"We went to see the Schillers after our meal the day before yesterday, since it was no longer possible that same evening. Everything was just as I had imagined it would be—except that I found Schiller to be more handsome, and his little boy is marvelous. We were on our way to see them when someone met us with the news that she had just given birth to a second little boy fifteen minutes earlier."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schiller.jpg]Friedrich Schiller
<font size="16">Friedrich Schiller: Relations were initially quite cordial with Schiller. Caroline in July 1796:
"Göthe fastened the final part of Wilhelm Meister behind him on his horse...brought the manuscript over here, and Schiller said yesterday that in the next few days he would invite us to a reading of it....It made me very glad indeed to see Göthe again, and to find him so gracious and charming at that."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schiller-charlotte_von_lengefeld.jpg]Charlotte Schiller, née von Lengefeld
<font size="16">Charlotte von Schiller. She, too, was initially cordial. Caroline in July 1796:
"Madam Schiller managed to get me a maidservant from Rudolstadt who was already here and who to this point seems extraordinarily accommodating and can also cook."
Nonetheless, letters written to her later are a source of some of the most critical and malicious remarks directed against Caroline.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_reichardt-johann-friedrich.jpg]Johann Friedrich Reichardt
<font size="15">Composer and journalist, writes to Wilhelm in 1796:
"We are both delighted to know that you, my valued, dear firend, are now in the womb of domestic bliss and that the addition of your excellent brother has rounded out the sacred number so nicely for you. Please do favor us quite soon by acquainting us with your charming wife so that this beautiful picture of harmonious love, friendship, and brotherly love may become wholly concrete for us."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_weimar.jpg]Weimar (postcard: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv cc)
<font size="16">Weimar: Caroline visited Weimar—ca. 20 km from Jena—on various occasions, dining with Goethe, attending the theater, the premiere of Schiller's plays, staying for several days for the guest performances of Friederike Unzelmann in September 1801, and overseeing Friedrich Tieck's work on the bust of Auguste after the latter's death. Schelling and both Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel also regularly sought Goethe's company in various literary and personal matters.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_goethe-johann-wolfgang-von.jpg]Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
<font size="14">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: A close acquaintance of the Romantic circle in Jena, he regularly appears in Caroline's own letters and life from an extremely early period—when she swoons in anguish at having missed his visit in Göttingen—to his cordial visits in Jena, his friendship with Schelling, and his mediation in helping Caroline and Wilhelm secure a divorce, to mention but a few examples.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_goethe-house-weimar.jpg]Goethe's House in Weimar (image: Goethezeitportal)
<font size="16">Goethe's House in Weimar.
Caroline in December 1796: "Goethe gave a most charming <i>diner, </i>very nice, without extravagance, serving everything himself, and so adroitly that he always found time in between to describe some beautiful picture or other for us in words (e.g., he described a picture by Fuessli from the <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>...) or to make other pleasant remarks...he has organized his surroundings with precisely the same artistic sensibility he brings to everything—except his current love affair, if his connection with Mademoiselle Vulpius is to be called such."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_vulpius-christiane-1.jpg]Christiane von Goethe, née Vulpius
<font size="16">Christiane von Goethe, née Vulpius: Goethe's mistress, whom he married in 1806. The Weimar court circles and society initially were very cool toward her as a commoner, and Caroline herself has some unkind remarks for her. Johanna Schopenhauer helped break her social isolation later by inviting her to tea at Goethe's request.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_herder-johann-gottfried-ca-1785.jpg]Johann Gottfried Herder
<font size="16">Johann Gottfried Herder: One of the most significant literary figures in Weimar during the period, and an early friend of Goethe. Caroline:
"But the person who absolutely charmed me and almost made me fall in <i>love, </i>that would be Herder...His Courland accent is already enough to steal your heart, and then the simultaneous ease and dignity in his whole being, the witty grace in everything he says—and he says not a word that one is not glad to hear."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_wieland-christoph-martin-1805-gem-by-f-c-c-jagemann.jpg]Christoph Martin Wieland
<font size="16">Christoph Martin Wieland, with whose work <i>(Oberon) </i>Caroline was already infatuated as a teenager; she writes in 1796:
"We went there for tea, to which Wieland had also been summoned and whom I allegedly encountered in an <i>extraordinarily </i>good mood, and indeed, he came up with some very funny remarks, grumbling on about, among other things, <i>pigs, </i>for whose creation he simply could <i>never </i>forgive our dear Lord—and which in a severe fit of displeasure he called <i>anti-graces.</i>"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bottiger-karl-august-by-jfa-tischbein.jpg]Karl August Böttiger, by J.F.A. Tischbein
<font size="15">K. A. Böttiger: Weimar literary figure, writes to Wilhelm in 1797 about Caroline's siding with Wieland in a skirmish involving Schiller and Goethe's <i>Xenien </i>satire:
"I could not bring myself to deprive our good Father Wieland of the pleasure your spouse's approval could not but give him. I related to him yesterday what you had remarked to me concerning his reviews of the <i>Musenalmanach, </i>and he said that the nod of <i>her </i>head was worth more to him than the natterings of the entire herd of authors grazing in the common literary pasturage."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schleiermacher-fde.jpg]Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher
<font size="15">F. D. E. Schleiermacher: Berlin theologian with whom Friedrich Schlegel lived beginning in late 1797. Wilhelm Schlegel writes to him in January 1798:
"Your letter would have been a total delight for me had it not so vividly aroused my concern that you are spoiling my brother in a rather <i>unseemly </i>fashion. How else could he have come upon the idea of engaging in his service a pen that is so <i>considerably </i>more witty and intelligent than his own? "</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_nicolai-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Nicolai
<font size="15">Friedrich Nicolai: Berlin publisher whom Caroline met in 1781 when he dined with her family but who later delighted in vexing not only the Jena Romantics, but also Schiller and Goethe. Friedrich writes to Auguste in 1798 from Berlin: "Nicolai, who among other things engaged in a rather comical campaign against my brother and me in the preface to his philosophical dialogues, immediately invited us to a <i>grand </i>evening dinner after we had jokingly made gestures of coming to visit him. His books must indeed cost him a <i>great </i>deal of money in this way."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-4-march-1798.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, 4 March 1798
<font size="15">Friedrich Schlegel. He writes to Auguste in March 1798 from Berlin:
"Listen, I had a bit of an argument with your mother in my last letter to her. But if you notice that she is once again more amiably disposed toward me, give her my warmest regards and tell her that I <i>really </i>am dreadfully fond of her."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_jean-paul-by-heinrich-pfenninger-1798.jpg]Jean Paul (Friedrich Richter)
<font size="15">Jean Paul: The prolific writer who was initially a target of the Jena circle. In June 1798 he refers to Caroline as "Schlegel’s highly original wife, who was Custine’s spouse and is Böhmer’s daughter[!]," and in August 1798 as an "energetic" woman with whom he "spent an entire <i>souper</i> quarreling in Dresden."</font> [img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_jacobi-fh.jpg]Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
<font size="15">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi: The initiator of the "pantheism dispute" involving Lessing's alleged turn to pantheism and Spinozism late in life. Friedrich writes to Caroline in 1798: "My eternal opinion is now that Jacobi has cultivated the element of softness to the point of artificiality, is vain with regard to his <i>own </i>vanity, moreover vain to the <i>thousandth </i>particle precisely <i>about </i>being vain."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_dresden-gallery.jpg]Dresden Gallery
<font size="16">The art gallery in Dresden: Caroline and Auguste were in Dresden from the spring to the autumn of 1798. That summer, many of the later members of the Jena circle arrived as well, including Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel, Dorothea Veit, Fichte, Novalis, and J. D. Gries. In a letter to Charlotte von Schiller, Dora Stock indignantly complained that "they essentially just took over the gallery and then spent almost every morning there with Schelling and Gries."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_uttewalder_grund_2009-veit-schagow.jpg]
<font size="15">Uttewalder Grund in Saxon Switzerland, just southeast of Dresden (2009 photo and kind permission by <u><a target="data" href="http://www.schagow.com
">Veit Schagow</a></u>). Here a natural formation in the form of a rock gateway popular among visitors and artists, including Caspar David Friedrich (see next image in gallery). Caroline and Wilhelm seem to have made a day excursion to this locale with Rahel Levin, who was visiting Dresden at the time from Berlin. Friedrich Schlegel writes to Henriette Herz on 24 August 1798 from Dresden:
"Mademoiselle Levi is currently here and traveled out to the Uckewalder [sic] Grund today with Wilhelm and Caroline."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_uttewalder-grund-cdfriedrich.jpg]
<font size="15">Uttewalder Grund, pencil/sepia drawing dated 28 August 1801 by Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), who was active in Dresden beginning in 1798 and once spent an entire week alone in the forest of Saxon Switzerland. The area also inspired other romantic artists, e.g., the painter Ludwig Richter and the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his opera <i>Der Freischütz </i> near the Uttewalder Grund.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-friedrich-by-friedrich-tieck-1801.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1801
<font size="16">F. W. J. Schelling, 1801, by Friedrich Tieck: Schelling arrived in Jena in 1798 after spending part of the summer in Dresden with members of the circle. Not always an easy personality, as amply attested by his letters to both friends and enemies especially after leaving Jena, he was nonetheless the great love of Caroline's life.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_fichte-johann-gottlieb-1.jpg]Johann Gottlieb Fichte
<font size="16">Johann Gottlieb Fichte: The philosopher writes to his wife in October 1799 from Berlin:
"As far as Schelling and Madam Schlegel are concerned, be <i>extremely careful and on your guard!...</i>Schelling is making a bad name for himself, and that makes me very sorry. If I were present in Jena myself, I would warn him....Why does the <i>husband </i>not put an end to all this?"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_fichte-house-in-jena.jpg]Fichte's House in Jena today (Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Fichte's house in Jena today: Often also called the "Romantikerhaus," though it was actually Fichte's residence from 1794. Today it houses the Museum of the Romantics.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-family.jpg]
<font size="14">J.F.A. Tischbein and his family. Tischbein did the famous portraits of Caroline and Auguste; his wife, Sophie, was likely the "Amsterdam beauty" with whom Wilhelm Schlegel was infatuated. The family spent several weeks in Weimar and Jena in the spring of 1798.
Caroline in 1795: "He is an excellent portraitist—I have seen paintings by him and was enraptured by the softness of his brush. She sings excellently and is allegedly otherwise quite charming as well, <i>assuming </i>I can trust what a common friend has told me."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-caroline.jpg]
<font size="15">Caroline Tischbein, eldest daughter of J.F.A. Tischbein. She writes later in her memoirs:
"I recall one evening after a modest ball at the Schlegels', after all the guests had departed and I happened to return to the hall to fetch something, Schlegel and his wife walked in together in considerable agitation. He was weeping, she looking extremely resolute and flushed. I quickly saw what was happening and related it to my mother. "They probably had an argument," my mother said casually, so I did not think about it further."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-betty-1805.jpg]
<font size="15">Betty Tischbein, youngest daughter of J.F.A. Tischbein. Her sister, Caroline, describes their departure from Jena (she conflates some events later in her memoirs):
"Without quite being able to put our finger on it, the longer we stayed the more obvious it became that something was amiss in Schlegel's relationship with his wife. He was noticeably ill-humored, and she treated him with frosty disdain. Auguste and I had a painful time saying goodbye...Auguste dissolved in tears and absolutely did not want to let go of Betty and me."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-ca-1800.jpg]Weimar Theater ca. 1800
<font size="16">Weimar Theater, ca. 1800. Caroline writes concerning its renovation before the premiere of Schiller's <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>on 12 October 1798:
"He [Goethe] has completely remodeled the Weimar theater on the inside and turned it into an inviting, sparkling fairy palace. I was astonishingly well pleased with it...The illumination is extremely nice, coming from a broad garland of English lamps hovering in a small cupola through which the building’s haze also escapes."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-stage-pre-1907.jpg]Weimar Theater Stage (pre-1907)
<font size="16">Weimar Theater view of stage (prior to 1907). Caroline writes about the premiere of <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>in October 1798:
"Then the actors also had to be oriented so they could properly perform the prologue, in which they found everything strange and unprecedented. It depicts Wallenstein’s camp, as you know, and is composed in rhymes in the style of Hans Sachs, full of life, energy, the spirit of the age, and imaginative ideas....Nor were Göthe’s efforts in vain; the company performed excellently, it was the most consummate ensemble, with not a trace of disorganization amid the tumult. Visually, as well, it came across most superbly."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-spectator-area-pre-1907.jpg]Weimar Theater Spectator Area (pre-1907)
<font size="16">Weimar Theater, spectator area (prior to 1907). Caroline writes about the theater renovation and about activities following the premiere of Schiller's <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>on 12 October 1798:
"An architect and decorator from Studtgart was engaged for the task, and within 13 weeks columns, galleries, balconies, and curtains were constructed and all sorts of things adorned, painted, and gilded, but genuinely with taste....After the performance, Fichte forced 4 glasses of champagne on me; I must not forget to report <i>that </i>to you."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_triesnitz.jpg]Triesnitz (Trießnitz, Driesnitz), south of Jena (Jena Stadtmuseum)
<font size="16">Trießnitz, originally a rural area on the southern edge of Winzerla, southwest of Jena proper, and in the eighteenth century a popular excursion locale for "academic Jena." Wilhelm Schlegel writes to J. D. Gries in May 1799:
"Yesterday Stakelberg gave a grand, well-attended <i>diné </i>on the Driesnitz, which was very nice indeed––as it were, the first spring excursion. All sorts of people gathered together there, the Hufelands, Pauluses, Loders, Fichtes, Frommanns, and––Kotzebues! I have now both seen and spoken with this wooden idol, who appears inestimably common, lame, and Philistine."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-by-gareis.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, 1799
<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel in 1799: In early September 1799 he arrived back in Jena—before Dorothea—and took up residence with Caroline and Wilhelm Schlegel in their house on Leutragasse. Problems quickly emerged when he and Dorothea noticed Caroline's interest in Schelling.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea.jpg]Dorothea Veit (drawing by Philipp Veit)
<font size="16">Dorothea Veit. Caroline writes to Auguste after Dorothea's arrival on 6 October 1799:
"She does not seem pretty to me; her eyes are large and glowing, but the lower part of her face is too slack, too pronounced. She is no taller than I am, perhaps a bit broader. Her voice is the gentlest, most feminine thing about her. That I will grow fond of her I do not doubt for a moment."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-philipp_0.jpg]
<font size="15">Philipp Veit, self-portrait during a later period. Caroline continues in her letter on 6 October 1799 to Auguste after Dorothea and Philipp's arrival in Jena (Dorothea's son Johannes remained in Berlin with his father):
"And you have no need to fear the little boy any longer, <i>c’est un joli petit espiègle </i>who will give you loads of fun; indeed, I have already become great friends with him. He is small and supple like a <i>page; </i>we will want to put your livery on him."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena_paradies_1900.jpg]Jena, Paradise (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)
<font size="16">Jena: "Paradise" ca. 1900: Dorothea in a letter to Schleiermacher in November 1799: "Yesterday afternoon I was in Paradise (that's what they call a certain promenade here) with the Schlegels, Caroline, Schelling, Hardenberg, and one of his brothers...and who should suddenly appear coming down the hill? none other than his old Divine Excellency, <i>Goethe </i> himself...Wilhelm introduces me to him, he pays me a very nice compliment...and is cordial and charming, and all ease and attentiveness toward his devoted lady servant...But since Wilhelm could not really get any conversation going, I thought to myself: well the <i>devil </i>take modesty, if he is bored then I have irrevocably lost my opportunity! So I immediately asked him something about the rushing currents in the Saale River, he responded with an explanation, and thus we continued on in a lively manner."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea-1798.jpg]Dorothea Veit in 1798
<font size="16">Dorothea Veit: Auguste, in Dessau at the time, writes to a friend in November 1799: "You probably already know from my mother what pleasant company we have had in Jena this winter. First, Fritz is there from Berlin, and then a lady from Berlin, Madam Veit, is living downstairs in our house; I have not met her yet, but Mother writes that she is quite amiable."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_herz-henriette-by-anton-graff-1792.jpg]Henriette Herz
<font size="16">Henriette Herz: The Berlin salonnière in whose literary circle Friedrich and Dorothea met. Though Caroline did not know her, Dorothea mentions her often in her own letters, and Henriette's memoirs offer interesting insights about Dorothea.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_levin-rahel.jpg]Rahel Levin
<font size="14">Rahel Levin: The Berlin salonnière. Dorothea's letters to her provide considerable, often detailed information about the Jena circle, though also often less than complementary: "You think Caroline Schlegel is not hard? Well, you are wrong, even had you never been wrong before. Hard, hard as stone; we—you and I, my love—are soft as silk compared to Caroline!"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-ludwig-by-joseph-karl-stieler.jpg]Ludwig Tieck
<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck: Though he did not publish anything in the periodical <i>Athenaeum</i>, he was nonetheless part of the early Romantic circle proper, living in Jena during the winter of 1799-1800 with his wife, Amalie. "Malchen" does, however, come in for some rather unkind criticism by others in the group, apparently including Tieck himself.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-der-gestiefelte-kater.jpg]Ludwig Tieck's Puss 'n Boots
<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck's Puss 'n Boots: In 1797 Tieck published a boisterously humorous fairy tale in burlesque dramatic form based on the figure of Puss 'n Boots. Once when Tieck entered the room, Auguste quipped:
"What? You come in through the <i>door</i>? I would sooner expect you to come striding in like your <i>cat, </i>across the <i>rooftops</i>."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_frommann-carl-friedrich-ernst-frommann.jpg]
<font size="16">Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann: Jena publisher with whom the Jena Romantic circle had extensive contacts, both business and social, though he did become impatient with Friedrich Schlegel's inertia. Caroline to Wilhelm in 1802: "By contrast, the Frommanns cannot praise you enough; really, at this point you could do whatever you wanted, indeed whatever you were capable of, and you would still be viewed as a jewel of uprightness, as also Schelling."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_frommannsches-haus-1970.jpg]Frommann House, 1970 (Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">House of the Jena publisher Friedrich Frommann, ca. 1970, a central gathering place for virtually everyone associated with the literary scene in Jena and Weimar. Johanna Frommann writes about the Battle of Jena in 1806:
"But my God, what a sight it was, seeing all those sweet children, huddling close together, trembling, sitting at the table in our parlor. The fire had already reached the houses diagonally across from the Seebecks. But now everyone ran forth, Buot, his people, all the officers of Oudinot who were here, Seebeck, Hegel (who was also staying with us...) to save what they could from Seebeck's house."
One of the things Hegel saved during the battle was the manuscript of his <i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i>.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hardenberg-friedrich-von-by-franz_gareis-ca-1799.jpg]Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis)
<font size="16">Friedrich von Hardenberg: The writer Novalis, one of the most signfiicant members of the Jena circle. He and Caroline never quite warmed up to each other, and his later opinion of her was shaped not inconsiderably by Friedrich Schlegel's ire. Friedrich provides a moving description of his death in Weissenfels in 1801, and Caroline writes—still grieving for Auguste: "So, Hardenberg is now at peace, whither my own soul would so like to journey. He is very fortunate; but poor Julie [von Charpentier, his fiancée]."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_stark-johann-christian.jpg]Johann Christian Stark
<font size="16">Johann Christian Stark: Prominent physician in Jena, personal physician of the ducal family in Weimar, of Schiller and Goethe, and also treated Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis) and his fiancée Sophie von Kühn. Caroline recommended Stark to Hardenberg to treat his second fiancée, Julie von Charpentier.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_ritter-johann-wilhelm-1.jpg]Johann Wilhelm Ritter
<font size="16">Johann Wilhelm Ritter: In some ways the mad scientist of the Jena circle and the source of some of the most interesting if bizarre events and material associated with the group, including investigations of such phenomena as dowsers.
Caroline to Novalis in 1799: "What can I tell to you about Ritter? He is living in Belvedere and is always sending <i>frogs </i>over here, of which there is a surplus there and a lack here."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_steffens-henrik-3.jpg]Henrik Steffens
<font size="16">Henrik Steffens: The Norwegian was another of the scientists associated with the Jena circle—if less bizarre than Ritter—and a lifelong admirer of Schelling. There is some evidence that he was amorously interested in Auguste. He was in any case almost speechless with grief after her death.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_vieweg-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Vieweg
<font size="16" color="FFCC66">Friedrich Vieweg: Berlin publisher of the first two issues of Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel's periodical <i>Athenaeum</i> (1798). He quickly soured on the periodical's lack of commercial success, however, and even after squirming out of the original contract regarding honorarium was disinclined to continue publication.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hufeland-christoph-wilhelm.jpg]Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland
<font size="16">Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland: Jena physician, attended the Duke of Weimar, Goethe, Schiller, Wieland, Herder, and also Caroline during her intense bout of "nerve fever" in the spring of 1800.<font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schadow-johann-gottfried.jpg]Johann Gottfried Schadow
<font size="16">Johann Gottfried Schadow: The prominent Berlin sculptor and artist who, though consulted on Auguste's monument, eventually came into conflict with the emergent Romantic movement in the arts as represented not least by his own pupils, including Friedrich Tieck. Object of some of Wilhelm Schlegel's critical needling.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_seidler-luise-selbstbildnis.jpg]Luise Seidler, self-portrait
<font size="16">Louise Seidler, self-portrait: Later an artist of some note, she recounts vignettes of her confirmation instruction with Auguste in Jena: "I fell flat onto the ice, tall and gangly, with my Bible, hymnal, and catechism books flying everywhere." Her letters and memoirs are also otherwise an important source of information about life in Jena at the time.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bamberg.jpg]Bamberg (postcard: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv cc)
<font size="16">Bamberg, in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz:
Caroline, Auguste, and Schelling spent several weeks here in May and June 1800 before Caroline and Auguste continued on to nearby Bad Bocklet, where Auguste died on 12 July 1800. Wilhelm Schlegel arrived shortly after her death and remained in Bamberg with Caroline and Schelling during that late summer and early fall.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet-2.jpg]Bad Bocklet, contemporary photo
<font size="16">Bad Bocklet on the Franconian Saale River, where Auguste died on 12 July 1800 and is buried. Wilhelm writes a second time to J.D. Gries on 7 July 1800 to explain the name:
"I am so sorry, my dear friend, for causing your divinatory acumen to be so laboriously and moroever also so futilely taxed. It was, however, no doubt less a matter of my own handwriting than that you simply did not want to believe that the name of the locale really was exactly as you read it, and then also a problem with your geographical, statistical, and topographical books, which contained no reference to it. Said mineral spring and spa resort is called Bocklet, written <b>Bocklet</b>, βοκλετ, and is located near Schweinfurt in Franconia, which you will want to add to the address if, for example, you are writing to Caroline. She will be staying there until toward the end of July, and has described the setting and surrounding area there as being quite pleasant."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet.jpg]Bad Bocklet
<font size="16">Church of St. Laurent in Bad Bocklet, where Auguste is buried. Wilhelm Schlegel:
"I recently made my first pilgrimage to her grave. It is located ... in a narrow, enclosed, cheerful valley that gives no hint of graves; she lies in a narrow and poor village cemetery, which is, however, situated out in the open and from which one can look out onto the beautiful valley."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-1.jpg]Söder Castle, photo from 16 May 1922 (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)
<font size="16">Söder Castle near Hildesheim, front view, housing the extraordinary art collection of the estate's owner, Moritz von Brabeck. Wilhelm and Caroline were guests in October 1800. Caroline writes:
"In response to word from Schlegel, I did not travel to Söder until Sunday [19 October]. Wiedemann accompanied me, it's 30 or 40 kilometers from here [Braunschweig]; we arrived that afternoon at 5:00 and found Schlegel already there in the inn, where I also got off but where Brabeck had left instructions that he be alerted as soon as I arrived, since he was expecting me earlier than Schlegel. He also immediately sent his carriage for us and then received us at the entrance to his fairy castle, where we spent the evening chatting because it was already too dark for viewing."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_brabeck-friedrich-moritz-von.jpg]
<font size="16">Friedrich Moritz von Brabeck, estate owner of Söder castle. Caroline writes:
"The house has been furnished with virtually pristine taste and provides a serene disposition, as it were, for the jewels of art he possesses. We spent our time there as if in a fairy castle, and as if removed from the world of pain in which I now have my home."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-rear.jpg]Söder Castle, rear view (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)
<font size="16">Söder Castle in an early photo, rear view.
Caroline: Brabeck "would not allow us to return to the inn, and instead we were given magnificent accommodations there...they took great pains in providing for my health with Madeira and Alicante and such, for on that first evening I was extremely weak and almost feared my whole trip would be ruined; a good night’s sleep, however, restored me completely, and the next morning I was able to behold all the splendors there with completely clear eyes."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_brabeck-moritz-von.jpg]Moritz von Brabeck
<font size="16">Moritz von Brabeck:
Caroline: "There is, by the way, absolutely nothing ostentatious about him; it is simply an unbridled joy in his own creations. Nor is he really affected by the pride of nobility; he is merely concerned with touching deeply those who do indeed have a sensibility for such things."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-hall-arrangement.jpg]Söder Castle Salon Arrangements
<font size="16">Söder Castle salon arrangements according to the 1808 catalog Count von Brabeck published when putting the collection up for sale. Caroline comments:
"His paintings are organized according to objects, that is, all landscapes, portraits, and historical compositions have been put in specific rooms, something which at least to me seemed quite appropriate and instructive for a gallery no larger than this one."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-d.jpg]
<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon D: Landscapes (1808 catalog). Caroline remarks concerning the landscapes:
"The landscapes include 5 <i>Ruisdaels </i>of the rarest beauty, several <i>Salvators, </i>to which I felt drawn just as I did to the one in Dresden, also <i>Vernets </i>I have never seen."
The three pieces by Jacob van Ruisdael on this wall in salon D were:
22. <i>Avec ruines</i> — 27. <i>Champ de blé</i> — 31. <i>Bois</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-d2.jpg]
<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon D: Landscapes 2 (1808 catalog). It seems that by 1808 there were in fact seven landscapes by Jacob van Ruisdael and one by Salomon van Ruisdael in salon D. Three additional ones by Jacob van Ruisdael (+ one on another wall in Salon D not shown here) include: 8., 9. <i> Chutes d'eau</i> — 14. <i>Ruisseau ruisseant dans bois sombre</i>
and by Salomon van Ruisdael: 11. <i>Figures près d'un village</i>
Caroline also mentions "several Salvators, to which I felt drawn just as I did to the one in Dresden, also Vernets I had never seen"; here by Salvatore Rosa: 2. <i>St. François méditant</i> — 3. <i>St. Pierre effrayé au chant du coq</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-b.jpg]
<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon B: cabinet pieces. Caroline writes:
"Then he also owns two cabinet pieces, a Raphael—a small picture in which Simon is looking at the baby Jesus in the arms of his mother—and a Coreggio—the mother with the child, the latter of whom, beautifully abbreviated and acquiescent, fidgets on her lap...The Coreggio is unbelievably beautiful, so much so that one wishes to see it again and again."
The Corregio listed here is: 26. <i>Madonne avec l'Enfant</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-b2.jpg]
<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon B: cabinet pieces 2. Caroline writes:
"...a Raphael—a small picture in which Simon is looking at the baby Jesus in the arms of his mother...you can recognize in the child, as if in <i>embryo </i>form, the divine grandeur of the child in the Dresden painting [Raphael's <i>Sistine Madonna</i>]. This child has at least convinced me that the picture is by Raphael, something that as a matter of fact connoisseurs, too, do not doubt...the Raphael immediately enters, abidingly, into one’s soul like an eternal treasure."
The Raphael piece on this wall in Salon B is:
66. <i>Adoration de l'enfant par Siméon</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-h.jpg]
<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon H: varied genres. Among the landscapes, Caroline mentions "<i>Vernets </i>I have never seen."
The Vernets on display in this salon (separate from the landscape salon proper, salon D) include:
6., 7. <i>Paisages </i>
[7.] <i>avec couchant </i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-2.jpg]Söder Castle, photo from 16 May 1922 (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)
<font size="16">Söder Castle photo from 16 May 1922, front view.
Caroline: Brabeck "did not leave us for a moment; every painting was taken down from the wall and put on an easel, he himself brought them over, and you can imagine how magnificent a view of everything I had, since they would not <i>think </i>of not providing a chair for me."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_roschlaub-andreas-by-ferdinand-piloty-d-a.jpg]Andreas Röschlaub
<font size="16">Andreas Röschlaub: A Bamberg physician and resolute advocate of the Brownian method of healing, he translated many of John Brown's medical works into German. Plays a significant role in Caroline's time in Bamberg, in Auguste's death and the ensuing controversy, and later in correspondence with Schelling.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_marcus-adalbert-friedrich.jpg]Adalbert Friedrich Marcus
<font size="16>Adalbert Friedrich Marcus: Bamberg physician, follower of John Brown's theories of healing, close acquaintance of Caroline and Schelling, provided a supporting affidavit in 1802 in the scandal involving Auguste's death. His intimacy with Karoline Paulus, however, prompted some duplicitous behavior toward Caroline.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_braunschweig-1879.jpg]Braunschweig 1879, by Franz Alt
<font size="16">Braunschweig 1879, by Franz Alt: Caroline and Wilhelm traveled here from Bamberg in October 1800 after Auguste's death to live with Caroline's sister, Luise. Before leaving for Berlin in February, however, Wilhelm apparently saw more of Elisa van Nuys than Caroline wished. Caroline: "<i>Madame de Nuys</i> had her portrait done by Anetti, but no one knows what happened to the picture. Some think <i>you </i>took it with you. Is that true?"<font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_lw.jpg]Luise Wiedemann (Otto Cramer Family Archives)
<font size="15">Luise Wiedemann, Caroline's younger sister, whose own child's death Caroline witnessed in March 1801: "I have again suffered a violent blow...It was almost more than I could bear, being reminded in this way, and having to see all the pain. Yesterday morning it was 8 days since I took the beautiful, precious child from its mother...and could hardly keep it in my arms it was so lively. Half an hour later, it was taken to its room, howling, and then not brought out again until it had slumbered into death."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bandemer-susanne-von.jpg]
<font size="15">The poetess Susanne von Bandemer. Caroline writes: "An innocent little pastor’s daughter from the city came with the permission of Madam de Sierstorf so that she, too, might make the acquaintance of <i>Madam Susanne. </i>Ah, but she had heard <i>so </i>much about her, since her uncle allegedly <i>also </i>ate with her in the <i>Blue Angel, </i>where they really <i>did </i>spend such <i>magnificent </i>evenings, and Mademoiselle Kirchgeßner was there and the harmony of the spheres and all of them allegedly just <i>so </i>blissfully blissful there etc. Just try to imagine all this wretched stuff."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_voss-johann-heinrich_0.jpg]Johann Heinrich Voss
<font size="16">Johann Heinrich Voss: Excellent translator of Homer who nonetheless endured some rather unkind criticism by the Romantics, though Wilhelm Schlegel would later retract his youthful critique. Appears variously throughout this correspondence.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_merkel-garlieb.jpg]
<font size="16">Garlieb Merkel: Berlin publicist of Baltic origins and also a resolute, ubiquitous, and sometimes malicious opponent of the Jena Romantics, though the latter nonetheless delighted in needling him. Wilhelm: "Do you confuse great terza rima / with a modest triolet? / Aye, aye, and with such countenance of connoisseur!"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_iffland-a-w.jpg]August Wilhelm Iffland
<font size="16">August Wilhelm Iffland: Famous and prolific actor and playwright and resolute opponent of the Jena Romantics. He will appear with alarming frequency in this correspondence especially after 1800.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_hamburg.jpg]Hamburg on the Elbe River in the 17th Century (SUB Hamburg)
<font size="16">Hamburg on the Elbe River in the 17th Century: Caroline visited her brother in Harburg, just south of Hamburg. She writes in April 1801:
"I became seasick from the monotony of the heath and sky, which is the same from Braunschweig all the way here, a single 135 km stretch, nothing but scraggy, brown heath, sand, stunted trees covered with moss and mold...Here, too, the shoreline is anything but beautiful, and the view of Hamburg exists really only as an idea. I will see it up close the day after tomorrow...If I <i>drown </i>in the Elbe tomorrow, remember that today I sensed it would happen."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-friedrich-self-portrait.jpg]
<font size="16">Friedrich Tieck, self-portrait: Ludwig's brother; a sculptor and artist, did the portrait of Schelling above, also drafts and sketches for Auguste's monument and a bust of Auguste herself. Caroline met him in late 1801 in Jena after her return from Braunschweig: "When he left us, he went on foot...walked up the military road, in his shabby coat...with a staff, and nothing in his pocket but a roll of paper hanging out quite long, and he quite thin, <i>very</i> thin, with his blond hair blowing about his face."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-sophie-and-ludwig.jpg]Sophie and Ludwig Tieck in 1796 (relief by Friedrich Tieck)
<font size="16">Sophie and Ludwig Tieck in 1796. Sophie, unhappily married, contributed to the periodical <i>Athenaeum </i>and also had a serious affair with Wilhelm Schlegel in Berlin. Their extensive and revealing correspondence from 1801 is included.
Sophie in August 1801, just after Wilhelm had returned to Jena for several months: "I myself did not really believe how completely I belong to you; all my thoughts focus involuntarily on you, and I am being devoured by the ardent yearning to see you again; whenever someone opens the door, I am immediately convinced that it <i>must </i>be you who walks into the room—and I cannot conceal my pain when it does not happen."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_schleiermacher-friedrich-daniel-ernst.jpg]Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher
<font size="15">Schleiermacher writes to his sister in late 1801 about Wilhelm Schlegel, not knowing about Wilhelm's affair with Sophie Bernhardi:
"I do not know if I already wrote you about the awkward and regrettable relationship he now has with his wife, who is rewarding him for the great respect he has demonstrated toward her, and for his more than fatherly tenderness and love toward her daughter from her first marriage, with unfaithfulness that she is not even bothering to conceal or deny."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_unger-friederike-helene-by-schadow-um-1802.jpg]Friederike Helene Unger
<font size="16">Friedrike Helene Unger; sketch by J. G. Schadow: Successful writer and wife of the Berlin publisher Unger. Took over the company after his death. Possibly the object of Friedrich Schlegel's (unsuccessful?) amorous intentions.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-by-moritz-retzsch.jpg]Friederike Unzelmann, by Moritz Retzsch; Frankfurt Goethe Museum
<font size="16">Friederike Unzelmann: "Unzeline" or the "little fairy sprite" to Caroline. One of the most celebrated actresses of the time, and an intimate friend of Wilhelm Schlegel, perhaps a bit too intimate for Caroline, though she never perceived Unzeline as a real threat as she did Elisa van Nuys. Several of her letters are included. On 21 September 1801, Caroline saw her perform the lead role in Schiller's <i>Maria Stuart </i>in Weimar.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_ion-friedrich-tiecks-illustrations.jpg]Friedrich Tieck's Costume Illustrations for Ion
<font size="16">Friedrich Tieck's costume illustrations for Wilhelm Schlegel's play <i>Ion</i>, which premiered in Weimar on 2 January 1802. From left to right: Pythia, Xuthus, Ion, Creusa, Phorbas.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_jagemann-karoline-as-ion-ca-1803-by-jwc-roux.jpg]
<font size="15">The actress Caroline Jagemann as Ion. Caroline writes of the 1802 premiere:
"There cannot possibly be a more splendid Ion...When the curtain rose and the radiant scenery came into view, with her greeting the morning as it bathed the peak of Mount Parnassus in red, it was as if a fresh breeze had come over us, and when after completing her ceremonious task she reached for her light weapons, her voice took on such a beautiful lilt, truly like that of a golden bow, that the entire audience seemed instantly captivated, and the initial words of Pythia were lost amid applause."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_vieweg-charlotte-nee-campe.jpg]
<font size="15">Charlotte Vieweg, wife J.F. Vieweg, publisher of the final <i>Athenaeum </i>issues. Caroline writes in January 1802 concerning her own anticipated trip to Berlin to visit Wilhelm Schlegel (during the visit, they decided to seek a divorce):
"Madam Vieweg recently expressed the following opinion. She interrogated Luise [Caroline's sister in Braunschweig] about where I would be residing and where you were currently residing. Luise told her what she knew, namely, that the Grattenauers had offered a room etc. "<i>So? </i>Not together? The Berliners will certainly have a lot to say about <i>that.</i>"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_feuerbach-anselm-von.jpg]
<font size="14">Anselm von Feuerbach, law professor in Jena, writes to his father in January 1802 about Wilhelm and Caroline:
"His domestic situation is peculiar and yet not peculiar, depending on how one understands the relationship. His wife, an extremely cultured and erudite lady, is living here; he himself is usually in Berlin, where he is currently giving lectures on aesthetics to handsome ladies and gentlemen. He occasionally pays a visit to his wife, though by "wife" nothing more is meant than a female person whose hand a cleric put into Schlegel's own and who bears his name. As is universally known, Professor Schelling, the idealist, possesses and exercises the <i>real </i>marital rights."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_berlin-gendarmenmarkt-ca-1815.jpg]Berlin Gendarmenmarkt ca. 1815 (water color by Friedrich August Calau)
<font size="16">Berlin Gendarmenmarkt ca. 1820. Caroline visited Wilhelm Schlegel here in the spring of 1802. An otherwise unclear incident occurred worsening their already strained relationship, and they decided to seek a divorce.
Caroline to Julie Gotter in April 1802: "The daring deed of my coming here has almost been too much for me, and I now so yearn for my quiet existence again...Let me confirm in a general way that I do indeed have many distractions here, as one puts it, but it is not really expedient now to go into detail. We have already had much fun; among other things, [Garlieb] Merkel sat next to me at a <i>souper </i>and flirted with me. Otherwise Berlin wholly displeases me."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-exterior-pre-1905.jpg]Lauchstädt Theater Exterior pre-1905 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)
<font size="16">Exterior of the theater in Lauchstädt prior to 1905. Eduard Genast describes the reopening in the summer of 1802, when Caroline and Schelling attended several performances in the renovated theater:
"Unfortunately, the building could not hold the large number of spectators, and the external doors had to be opened, so powerful was the crush of the crowd. Although the poor people who managed to get a place there could admittedly not see a thing, they could, however, hear everything, since the walls of the theater were so thin that one could hear every word spoken on stage, and even those outside could understand what was being said. Lest anyone <i>inappropriate </i>join those outside, twenty Saxon dragoons from nearby Schaafstedt were summoned by the authorities to surround the theater with drawn swords."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-interior-1802.jpg]Lauchstädt Interior 1802 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)
<font size="16">Lauchstädt Theater Interor 1802: Eduard Genast describes the interior of the renovated theater in Lauchstädt in the summer of 1802:
"The entire audience hall consisted actually of only a single room divided into three sections. The first, constituting the larger half and bordering the orchestra, was called the <i>parquet, </i>the second the <i>parterre, </i>and the third the <i>last place. </i>A semicircular balcony elevated above this latter space could seat approximately sixty persons."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-stage-1802.jpg]Lauchstädt Theater Stage 1802 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)
<font size="16">Lauchstädt Theater Stage 1802: During the summer of 1802, Caroline and Schelling attended performances at the newly renovated theater in Lauchstät, one of which was Friedrich Schlegel's controversial <i>Alarcos</i>. Josef Körner describes one of the performances:
"Although the piece was never reprised in Weimar, it was performed in guest performances in Lauchstädt. There, too, as Goethe's wife recounts, an anti-Schlegelian group inspired by August von Kotzebue tried to disrupt the performance; but the Jena students in attendance, who were in the majority, shouted them down, thereby assisting the piece to a triumphant performance...In the autumn of that year, a decree from the duke himself seems to have banned both <i>Alarcos </i>and Wilhelm Schlegel's <i>Ion </i>from the Weimar stage forever."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_mereau-sophie-um-1798.jpg]
<font size="15">Sophie Mereau. Caroline writes to Wilhelm Schlegel about Mereau's 1801 divorce:
"In the Mereau affair, the duke indicated without further ado to the consistory that it was to list the marriage as having been annulled...The issue now is to dispose him to grant such a privilege a <i>second </i>time, since he might well be disinclined to do so precisely because he recently granted the same privilege and does not want the exception to become the rule."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_duke-carl-august-of-saxe-weimar-eisenach.jpg]
<font size="15">Duke Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar, who would grant Caroline and Wilhelm's divorce in May 1803 with at least nominal circumvention of the consistory, though Schelling writes to Wilhelm Schlegel in September 1802: "The person who gave this advice has also offered to take on the task of bribing this particular member of the consistory in a pious enough fashion...The amount one would have to countenance would be approximately 100 <i>Rth., </i>of which Caroline is offering to pay half."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_murrhardt.jpg]Murrhardt (photo: VdK-Ortsverband Murrhardt)
<font size="16">Murrhardt: Caroline and Schelling were married here by Schelling's father on 26 June 1803. Caroline on her arrival:
"Greetings to you from this distant and peaceful region...This place is situated at the foot of the mountain range, one not at all so wild, separating Franconia and Swabia, amid a setting that is not only even more charming than we had anticipated, indeed, not even just charming alone, but absolutely <i>delightful, </i>situated in a broad valley between various hills and brooks."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_jnmr.jpg]
<font size="16">Church of St. Januarius, Murrhardt</font><font size="12"> (photo: Peter Schmelzle),<font size="16"> where Schelling's father married Caroline and Schelling on the afternoon of 26 June 1803. Schelling writes to Hegel in Jena on 11 July 1803:
"Write me again in Murrhardt if you do write, since I am unsure where I will be staying next. I will, however, not be leaving Württemberg before the end of August. Because of your friendship you will not be indifferent to the news that I have recently been married to my lady friend; she sends her warm regards and asks that you extend them to the Frommanns [in Jena] as well; we have been so distracted here that it has not been possible for her to write to them herself."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-as-maria-stuart-2.jpg]Friederike Unzelmann
<font size="16">Friederike Unzelmann, here in Schiller's <i>Maria Stuart</i>, a role Caroline saw her perform not only in Weimar on 21 September 1801, but also in Stuttgart in 1803:
"That evening, Maria Stuart was performed...Although the actors are <i>abominable, </i>Madam Unzelmann played the role of Maria even more magnificently than when we saw her before."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig_ferdinand-by-dora-stock.jpg]Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (by Dora Stock)
<font size="15">Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, ca. 1800. Caroline on the performance of <i>Maria Stuart </i>in Stuttgart:
"During the performance itself, fickle fate arranged things such that I ended up with the only neighbor to whom I could <i>not </i>be completely indifferent. <i>Huber </i>sat in front of me. I did not want to speak to him, for I had actually intended not to see the Hubers at all...I had leveled some bitter truths at him concerning his stupid review of <i>Athenäum </i>which I can never retract. He for his part followed my lead and also did not speak."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-bethmann.jpg]Friederieke Bethmann (Unzelmann)
<font size="15">"One funny thing is that she made a gift to Schelling (who wears a large, three-cornered hat all the time) of the same, large kind of hat she had just bought in Frankfurt for her role as the "little sailor." It was one of those one can fold up and thus pack quite well; it also fit <i>him </i>perfectly and has prompted great jubilation, especially here at the prelature, where they could not for the life of them figure out how <i>one </i>hat could fit both the actress <i>and </i>the philosopher."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg-in-the-17th-century.jpg]Würzburg in the 17th Century
<font size="16">Würzburg in the 17th Century: Caroline and Schelling arrived here in the autumn of 1803. Although Schelling's appointment seemed promising enough, trouble with adversaries soon began. It was, however, a time when Schelling had considerable contact with physicians and medical scholars in connection with his philosophy of nature, and when Caroline would publish several anonymous literary reviews in the <i>Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung</i>. Wilhelm Schlegel would also visit them there in 1804 on his way to Coppet with Madame de Staël.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_zentner-georg-friedrich-von.jpg]Georg Friedrich von Zentner
<font size="16">Georg Friedrich von Zentner, director of education in Bavaria, including the universities. He writes to Schelling in November 1803, trouble having already arisen in Würzburg:
"The <i>Elegante Zeitung </i>published some rather <i>inelegant </i>reviews of several opponents of your system. You will no doubt disapprove with me of such––I would like for you to be both acknowledged and respected in Germany as the calm, dispassionate seeker of truth, i.e., as the true philosopher you are and which I myself have come to know in you."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg.jpg]Würzburg, late 19th century (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)
<font size="16">Würzburg, late 19th century: Caroline and Schelling lived here from the autumn of 1803 till the spring of 1806, Caroline finally leaving the city in late May 1806 to meet up in Munich with Schelling, who had left in late April.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_regentenbau.jpg]
<font size="16">Regent's Building in the Catholic Seminary in Würzburg (<a target="data" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/geschichte/das-alte-seminar/"><u>pre-1945 postcard</u></a>), Caroline and Schelling's residence 1803-06. Caroline writes in January 1804:
"It's just that I have still not gotten any further than a merely provisional stage in arranging the apartment; my own rooms—of which there are 4: a bedroom, living room, and 2 larger rooms for company, all in a single row connected by double doors with glass panes—are only just now being finished. Only Schelling's auditorium was ready, as is also appropriate, a nicely decorated hall, splendid in a completely different way than the one in Jena and with even more people attending."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg-1832.jpg]Würzburg in 1832
<font size="16">Würzburg. Initially, the Schellings, von Hovens, and Pauluses lived in the former Catholic seminary, ceded to the electorate of Bavaria as a result of secularization in 1803, here the triangular structure. Their building, the Regent's Building, forms the left side of the triangle, the main seminary building the top side, and the Borgias Building the bottom side.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_paulus-h-e-g.jpg]Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus
<font size="16">H.E.G. Paulus continued as Schelling's nemesis in Würzburg: "Schelling's mode of teaching has had the absolutely <i>worst </i>influence on students, especially medical students, who have now lost all inclination to comprehend more deeply anything in the more useful and practical subjects. Whence primarily the wish to appoint a <i>different</i> philosopher..."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_regentenbau-treppenhaus.jpg]
<font size="16">Regent's Building interior, Catholic Seminary in Würzburg (<a target="data" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/geschichte/das-alte-seminar/"><u>pre-1945 postcard</u></a>), Caroline and Schelling's residence. Wilhelm von Hoven writes about the move into the adjoining Borgias Building in 1804:
"We moved into the second story, Paulus into the third, and Schelling was to occupy the fourth, though he decided to remain in his previous apartment [in the Regent's Building], which was in fact not a poor decision at all, since that apartment was not only quite handsome, but also because immediately adjoing the living area it also had a classroom more beautiful than which one would surely find no other in Würzburg, and which was moreover large enough to accommodate the crowd of students wanting to attend his lectures. "<\font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-2.jpg]Wilhelm Schlegel
<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel: After visiting Caroline in Würzburg in May 1804 shortly after joining Madame de Staël, he writes:
"She seemed inclined to erase all the bitterness of memory, and was moved at my departure. Her appearance seemed to me better and healthier than in Berlin, and, of course, she always knows how to dress flatteringly and to arrange her surroundings quite handsomely. She had set up the busts of Goethe and Auguste in a large salon, and had two large orange trees just inside the windows. In the living room I saw the beloved portrait of Auguste again."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-1810-by-p-veit.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel 1810 (by Philipp Veit)
<font size="15">Friedrich Schlegel. He writes to Karoline Paulus in Würzburg in 1804: "It is admittedly rather astonishing that you are now living under the same roof as Madam Schelling; but, then again, not all <i>that </i>astonishing, since thorns and thistles, cockles and other foul undergrowth are invariably able to grab a foothold in even the most fertile wheatfield. May God grant that the <i>devil </i>come fetch her soon, and do so with the appropriate pomp and circumstance commensurate with her standing; there will in any case certainly be no lack of <i>stench.</i>"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea2.jpg]Dorothea Veit
<font size="15">Dorothea Veit writes in 1805: "Bertram...is a zealous Catholic and is studying day and night to learn about a powerful kind of exorcism...The most powerful weapon of all is the so-called <i>devil's scourge, </i>whose special powers include forcing Satan, the instant it touches him, even if he be disguised as the most beautiful of angels, to turn <i>back </i>into his original, misshapen form, with all his claws and horns and tail etc. Well, slipping this little bundle secretly beneath <i>Madame Lucifer's most precious parts </i>in an elegant tea circle would no doubt have a <i>quite </i>entertaining effect indeed."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bramstedt.jpg]Bramsted Estate
<font size="16">Bramsted Estate near Hamburg: From 1797 the estate of Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer, in whom Lotte Michaelis had been infatuated and with whom Caroline carried on an intensive correspondence from 1786 till 1794. Luise Wiedemann visited Meyer in 1805:
"As soon as we arrived in this tiny nest Bramstedt, which is anything but charmingly situated, I asked the maid in the house whether she knew where a Herr Meyer lived. "Indeed, yes, in that house."..I had him summoned to us, upon which he did indeed immediately arrive as an honorable estate lord, and was infinitely pleased at our being there...his external appearance was still the same, and it seemed to me he had not really changed at all, his eyes still amiable and clear—he was wearing a gray jacket and blue striped linen trousers, I could not help thinking about the zebra coat in which he was so famously handsome—he seems to be happier now than at that earlier time."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_holderlin-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Hölderlin
<font size="16">Friedrich Hölderlin: Arguably the most sublime poet in the German language. Schelling's friend from childhood and seminary. Schelling describes the wrenching scenes of his encounters with Hölderlin in 1803 and 1804 after Hölderlin's mental deterioration: "The sight of him unsettled me; he has neglected his external appearance to the point of disgust, and though his speech is less suggestive of madness, he has otherwise wholly assumed the mannerisms of someone in such a condition."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_hoven-friedrich-wilhelm-von.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm von Hoven
<font size="16">Friedrich Wilhelm von Hoven: A Swabian and Schelling's colleague in Würzburg. His wife, Henriette, on Caroline:
"Neither all her magnificent clothes, her trumeaux for 100 <i>Thaler, </i>her carpets, expensive oven screens, Turkish seats, nor the servants prompted me to change anything in my own domestic arrangements. In return, I admittedly received an honorific title––the <i>Swabian kitchen maid...</i>She no doubt expected me to be someone completely different, more cultivated, learned, obedient..."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_oken-lorenz.jpg]Lorenz Oken
<font size="16">Lorenz Oken: Eclectic natural scientist and philosopher, from 1807 professor in Jena, one of Schelling's early followers and correspondents and one of the next occupants of the apartment in Jena where the Schlegels had lived (the first index of Jena residents lists him as living there in 1810).</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig-ferdinand.jpg]Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (oil by Carl Ludwig Kaaz 1801)
<font size="15">L.F. Huber, who died in December 1804. Caroline in Febraury 1805 about a dream:
"I asked him why he had grieved us so, and told him how gladly I would have changed places with him, for, 'Huber,' I said, 'after all, I have more to seek in heaven than you do.' I was thinking about <i>Auguste, </i>just as she is always quite present for me. He said—"if you are serious, then give me your hand"—I gave him my hand across the table, his was quite warm, which I immediately noticed, since, after all, he was no longer alive. And then I woke up."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_eichstadt-heinrich-karl-abraham-after-f-ries-1841.jpg]
<font size="16">Heinrich Karl Eichstädt, editor of the <i>Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung, </i>to which Caroline contributed several anonymous literary reviews.
Goethe was "quite pleased" with the review of a <i>Musenalmanach </i> she published in 1805, and one scholar even believed Goethe himself to be its author, insisting he could discern "the masterful hand of Goethe in the manner and tone." Eichstädt, knowing full well Caroline was the author, remarks to Schelling: "I certainly cannot relate a more pleasant word of thanks for the contributed review to the reviewer, be it <i>him </i>or <i>her.</i>"</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_windischmann-karl-joseph-hieronymus.jpg]Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann
<font size="16">K. J. H. Windischmann: Professor in Aschaffenburg and an admirer of both Schelling and Caroline, writing to Caroline shortly before she left Würzburg for more distant Munich:
"For truly, few could possibly wish your well being as ardently as do I, for my love and affection increases daily, nor could I imagine any greater bliss than to live together with you in the same locale. How easily and gladly would I then be willing to renounce all other company."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_munich-karlthor-franz-thurn-1826.jpg]Munich Karlsthor (western city gate; by Franz Thurn, 1826)
<font size="16">Munich, Karlsthor, by Franz Thurn, 1826: On moving to Munich in May 1806, Caroline and Schelling initially lived in this complex of buildings constituting the western edge of the original city walls. They lived on the third floor in the northernmost building (the "corner house," no. 7, indicated by the arrow). The scientist Johann Wilhelm Ritter, their acquaintance from Jena, also lived in this complex of buildings.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_rumohr-carl-friedrich-von-1802.jpg]Karl Friedrich von Rumohr, oil by F.C. Gröger
<font size="16">Karl Friedrich von Rumohr in 1802: "Our <i>barone,</i>" as Caroline refers to him. An art historian who published a multivolume, pioneering work on Italian art as well as a book on cooking that is still in print today. Caroline in 1808:
"His sense for hearty eating is equally well developed. There can be absolutely <i>no </i>criticism of his understanding of cuisine, except that it is abominable to hear someone speak as intimately about a <i>sea crab </i>as about a portrayal of the little Lord Jesus."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bernhardi-sophie-by-unbekannt-um-1825.jpg]Sophie von Knorring (Bernhardi) ca. 1825
<font size="16">Sophie von Knorring (née Tieck): Caroline writes in 1807:
"Madame Bernhardi the Insufferable remained behind there [Rome] with the sculptor Tieck. Knorring will also be returning . . . perhaps there will even be a divorce from Herr Bernhardi, since Knorring is utterly in the clutches of this pale, gaunt, toothless and eyebrowless and hairless woman with her imperious, obstinate, essentially evil character—but Tieckean visions."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-leseabend-munchen.jpg]Ludwig Tieck, reading aloud in Munich
<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck reading to an evening gathering in Munich (Schelling is seated at the extreme left). Caroline writes in 1808:
"Tieck, who reads plays aloud and who on several evenings has already transported us into that illusion where one feels one is sitting before a stage on which <i>every </i>role has been assigned to the most select actor. Although he was already excellent at reading aloud earlier, now it is the best one can experience in that genre, indeed, it is something quite singular. He virtually <i>shapes </i>each piece precisely by reading it as he does."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_stael-madame-de-stael-as-corinne.jpg]Germaine de Staël as Corinne (by M. L. E. Vigée-Lebrun)
<font size="15">Germaine de Staël 1808. Caroline writes:
"Beyond all the intellect she already possesses, Frau von Staël also had intellect and heart enough to become quite fond of Schelling. She is a phenomenon full of vital energy, egoism, and incessant intellectual activity. Her external appearance is transfigured by her inner soul and is indeed in need of such, for there are moments—or rather <i>clothes—</i>when she looks like a sutler, and when one can nonetheless still simultaneously imagine her being quite capable of playing the role of <i>Phèdre </i>in the loftiest tragic sense."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_arnim-bettina-von-ca-1810.jpg]Bettina Brentano, ca. 1810
<font size="16">Bettina Brentano, ca. 1810: "I found Madame Schelling there [in Munich], ugly as a worn-out fur wrap."
Caroline: "Then also Bettina Brentano, who looks like a little Berlin Jewess and and racks her brain for wit, not that she is by any means wanting in intelligence, <i>tout au contraire, </i>but it is so sad to see how she strains, distends, and distorts that which she has. All the Brentanos have an extremely <i>unnatural </i>nature."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-walhalla.jpg]Schelling's Bust in the Valhalla Commemorative Hall
<font size="16">Schelling's bust in Ludwig I's Valhalla commemorative hall: Bettina von Arnim in 1809: "Friedrich Tieck is working on Schelling's bust just now. It will be no more handsome than he himself, hence quite abominable, and yet it is a beautiful piece." Caroline: "...something the crown prince wants for his marble collection of great German men...He chose Schelling alone from Munich and the Academy." (Finished in 1859 by A. H. Lossow.)</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_maulbronn-ephorat.jpg]Maulbronn Ephorat (undated photo)
<font size="16">Maulbronn, Ephorat (headmaster's residence), where Schelling's father and mother lived when Schelling Sr. was headmaster, or <i>Ephorus, </i>at the school.
On 7 September 1809, Caroline died probably either on the second (the headmaster's private residence) or third floor (the guest quarters).</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-gottliebin.jpg]Gottliebin Schelling
<font size="16">Gottliebin Schelling, Schelling's mother. She writes from Maulbronn in September 1809 to Meta Liebeskind, one of the original "University Mamsells":
"Because my dear son is unable to direct his quill sufficiently to write, it falls to me, his elderly mother, to take on the painful task of informing you that his dear wife, our good Caroline, is no more. Oh, but how this news will pierce right through you."</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_caroline-obelisk-in-maulbronn.jpg]Caroline's Obelisk in Maulbronn (photo: webmaster)
<font size="16">Caroline's obelisk in Maulbronn. She died on 7 September 1809 and was buried on 9 September 1809. Schelling writes to F.I. Niethammer in October 1809: "Herr von Stengel has a drawing of the church in Maulbronn. Behind it, close to the rear wall, is the resting place of the beloved." During the nineteenth century, however, all gravemarkers were removed from that area, and her obelisk now stands to the side of the church against a retaining wall.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-pauline-nee-gotter.jpg]
<font size="16">Pauline Schelling, née Gotter: Youngest daughter of Caroline's lifelong friend Luise Gotter, and herself one of Caroline's correspondents. She writes to Schelling in 1809:
"So, she is no more, this precious, unforgettable friend, who lived in our hearts like a second mother, whom we admired with childlike tenderness and love."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_cotta-johann-friedrich-deutsches-literaturarchiv-marbach.jpg]
<font size="16">Johann Friedrich Cotta, Tübingen publisher not only of Goethe and Schiller, but also of Wilhelm Schlegel and Schelling. After the shock of Auguste's and Caroline's deaths, in 1812 Schelling requested that Cotta gather information on the health of Pauline Gotter while in Gotha, where she lived. The report was good, and Schelling and Pauline married on 11 June 1812.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-1848.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1848
<font size="15">Schelling in a (colorized) daguerreotype, 1848. Schelling returned to Munich after Caroline's death, but later also taught in Erlangen and Berlin, though he actually published very little. He died on 20 August 1854 in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland, during a leave of absence from his position in Berlin for health reasons.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-3.jpg]
<font size="15">Wilhelm Schlegel in later years. In 1818 Schlegel turned down a chance to teach at the university in Berlin in favor of a position at the newly formed university in Bonn so that his new wife, Sophie Paulus, daughter of H.E.G. Paulus, might remain closer to her mother in Heidelberg, where Paulus was teaching. But the marriage failed, with Sophie never even leaving Heidelberg (and yet they never divorced). Schlegel, however, remained in Bonn, where he became instrumental in establishing the academic discipline of Sanskrit studies, even translating the <i>Bhagavad Gita.</i></font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_bad-ragaz.jpg]Bad Ragaz, Switzerland (postcard)
<font size="16">Bad Ragaz, Switzerland, where Schelling died and is buried.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-grab-bad-ragaz.jpg]Schelling's Gravesite in Bad Ragaz
<font size="16">Schelling's gravesite in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland. He died in 1854.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-philipp-grabstein.jpg]Gravesite of Philipp Michaelis
<font size="16">Gravesite of Philipp Michaelis in Hamburg-Harburg</font> <font size="14"> (photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/martin-reulecke/">Martin Reulecke</a></u>)</font>. <font size="17">Caroline's younger brother outlived her by only two years, dying in 1811 in Harburg, where he was a physician. Although the gravesites of Caroline, Lotte, and Philipp Michaelis are still known, those of Caroline's father, mother, half-brother Fritz, and sister Luise are not.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein-2.jpg]Gravesite of Charlotte Dieterich, née Michaelis
<font size="16">Gravesite of Charlotte Dieterich, née Michaelis, in Göttingen, Caroline's oldest sister, who died on 2 April 1793</font> <font size="14"> (photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/martin-reulecke/">Martin Reulecke</a></u>).</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-dresdener-friedhof.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel's Gravesite in Dresden
<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel's gravesite in the Old Catholic Cemetery in Dresden. He died in 1839.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-dorothea-von-claudia-golz.jpg]Dorothea Schlegel's Gravesite in Frankfurt (photo Claudia Gölz)
<font size="16">Dorothea Schlegel's gravesite in the main cemetery in Frankfurt am Main. She died in 1839.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-bonner-friedhof.jpg]Wilhelm Schlegel's Gravesite in Bonn
<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel's gravesite in Bonn. He died in 1845.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_haym-rudolf.jpg]
<font size="13">Rudolf Haym (photo from Haym's 1902 memoirs): Literary historian in Halle, author of the magisterial work on the Jena Romantics, <i>Die romantische Schule; </i>Caroline's first <u><a href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/rudolf-haym-1871" target="data">biographer</a></u>. On Caroline's letters to Schelling after Auguste's death:
"Poetry has never dared portray such a wondrous play of emotions as emerged in this woman's breast, such an ebb and flow of the most profound grief and sunniest serenity, such an admixing and separating of waves of the most varied love. For with every attempt, it would fail; the improbable would not be believable, nor the believable graceful. Reality is richer than fiction."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_dilthey-wilhelm-ca-1874.jpg]
<font size="16">Wilhelm Dilthey (ca. 1874). Philosopher, historian, psychologist in Basel, Kiel, Breslau, and Berlin, whose monumental first volume of his biography of Schleiermacher (1870) dealt extensively with Schleiermacher's relationship with the Jena circle, and whose 4-volume edition of Schleiermacher's letters (1860-63) provided an initial look into his correspondence with the Schlegels.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_waitz-georg.jpg]
<font size="16">Georg Waitz (photo Bernhard Petri, ca. 1855): Renowned legal historian who married Schelling's daughter Clara in 1842. After working on the project for nearly twenty years, in 1871 he published the first, two-volume edition of Caroline's letters.
See his introduction to that edition <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/waitz-1871-introduction/"><u>here</u></a>.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_scherer-wilhelm.jpg]
<font size="15">Wilhelm Scherer, literary historian, in his <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/wilhelm-scherer-1871-1874/"><u>essay</u></a> on Waitz's edition of Caroline's letters:
"Anyone interested in the literary scene and literary factions in Germany at the end of the previous and the beginning of the present century will draw a wealth of information from these volumes, and will encounter the story of a woman one cannot follow without being profoundly moved."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_huch-ricarda.jpg]
<font size="16">Ricarda Huch, who assessed Caroline in an <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/ricarda-huch-1899/"><u>essay</u></a> in her early monograph on the Romantics and in 1914 published a selection of her letters, concluding her introduction as follows:
"May those who read her letters perceive in her written communication that same melodious voice with which she enraptured listeners when reading poems aloud, and through that voice allow her personality to emerge, which alone ultimately can explain all the riddles and seeming contradictions of her life."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schmidt-erich.jpg]
<font size="14">Erich Schmidt: Literary historian and rector of the university in Berlin. In 1913 he published an expanded version of Caroline's correspondence based on the earlier edition of Georg Waitz. This English translation is based on that 1913 edition, about which Schmidt himself remarks in his own introductory <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/schmidt-1913-introduction/"><u>essay</u></a>:
"Alongside documents of love and admiration, it also includes those that allow varying degrees of antipathy to emerge. It engages in advocacy neither for nor against, since this singular woman is strong enough to stand on her own."</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_korner-josef.jpg]
<font size="16">Josef Körner (1888–1950): Austrian-Czechoslovakian literary historian and one of the most brilliant epistolary editors of the 20th century in German studies, his merits including especially editions of the letters of Wilhelm, Friedrich, and Dorothea Schlegel with their indispensable and encyclopedic annotations. Suffered as a Jew both before and during the National Socialist period.</font>
[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-house.jpg]Michaelis House in Göttingen (photo: Wolfgang Beisert)
<font size="16">The Michaelis House in Göttingen today, Prinzenstrasse 21, Caroline's childhood home.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-18.jpg]
<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1932. Although the building in which Caroline lived with her brother 1789-91 was renovated ca. 1900, the essential appearance seems to have remained the same.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-24.jpg]
<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1971. The building was demolished along with its neighbor (Reitgasse 15) in 1965 to make way for new structures. This photo shows the empty lots of the two buildings after their removal. The earlier half-timber <i>Fachwerk </i>construction is clearly visible in the houses that were left standing.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-25.jpg]
<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1971, during the construction of the new edifice on the properties Reitgasse 14 and 15. This photo is of particular interest insofar as it shows the view Caroline had from her window on the back side of the house and about which she speaks in several letters, namely, of the Lahn Valley, "through which the river runs and a couple of ravens take friendly flight." Towers associated with the university are visible in the background center right.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_koenigstein-fortress.jpg]
<font size="16"><u><a target="data" href="http://www.historische-orte.de/html/koenigstein.html">Königstein Fortress </a></u> as it looks today. Caroline and Auguste were imprisoned here from 8 April till 14 June 1793. It was here, because of the increasing visibility of her pregnancy by a French officer in Mainz, that she contemplated suicide and even convinced Wilhelm Schlegel to secure her the means to carry it out.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_lucka-2011.jpg]
<font size="16">Lucka 2011, just south of Leipzig</font> <font size="14">(photo: Christopher Nicolas)</font><font size="16">: Where Caroline and Auguste lived from 7 August 1793 till ca. 4 February 1794. Caroline's second son, Wilhelm Julius Krantz, was born here on 3 November 1794.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1909.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in 1909 (photo: Ernst Wandersleb, Carl Zeiss Archiv, Jena)
<font size="16">Caroline's former residence in Jena, Leutragasse 5, in 1909. The two rear edifices are clearly visible, as are the various windows and dormers of the main house and even a hint of the arched portal, partially in the shadows. The garden behind the building, portrayed in the earlier engraving, had since been developed with other houses.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-2.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in 1932 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Another view of the courtyard of Caroline's residence in Jena at Leutragrasse 5, here in a 1932 photo (Caroline's windows to the left).
This angle allows a view of the other rear edifice to the right (to the left in the earlier engraving), where the family of Gottlieb Hufeland lived, and of the buildings built behind the house since that engraving was done.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1932.jpg]Leutragasse 5, 1938 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Front view of Leutragasse 5 in 1938: A gentleman is standing in the doorway leading to the back courtyard where Caroline's apartment was located (the banner over the door says "Jenaische Zeitung"). The building had had the address "Leutragasse 5" since 1887, and the street itself was renamed Leutrastrasse. The house and complex now belonged to the Neuenhahn family, who bought the house in 1890 and published the <i>Jenaische Zeitung; </i>the complex also housed their printing offices.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_jena-19-march-1945.jpg]Jena, 19 March 1945 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Jena on 19 March 1945 after allied bombing runs. Jena was also hit by bombing runs the previous month. Caroline's former residence, known as the "Neuenhahn" house since 1890, was completely destroyed.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1945.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in Jena, 1945 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)
<font size="16">Leutragasse 5 after allied bombing in March 1945. The damaged steeple of St. Michael's Church can be seen on the left. The house was essentially completely destroyed and subsequently razed. It is difficult to discern which part of the house is shown here, but from the camera angle it appears to be one of the rear structures.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-2010.jpg]Leutragasse Area ca. 2010
<font size="16">Leutragasse area ca. 2010: Caroline's residence at Leutragasse 5 was located in the area now occupied by the parking lot at the center of this contemporary photo.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_regents-building-today.jpg]Regent's Building, Catholic Seminary Würzburg (photo from seminary website)
<font size="16">Regent's Building, Catholic Seminary Würzburg, <a target="_blank" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/"><u>contemporary photo</u></a>. The seminary buildings were destroyed by allied bombing on 16 March 1945, including the original Regent's Building where Caroline and Schelling lived 1803-6. This photo shows the triangular seminary structure as it looks today; the new Regent's Building is facing the camera.</font>[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet-4.jpg]Bad Bocklet (photo: GeLi+KäLi)
<font size="16">Bad Bocklet, contemporary photo, street leading up to the cemetery where Auguste is buried.</font>
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michaelishaus-by-g-d-heumann-after-1740.jpg]<font size="16">The Michaelis house in Göttingen, Caroline's childhood home (on the right). Rooms were also rented out to students, resulting in some sticky situations with the daughters of the family. Caroline in 1779: "Believe me, my dear friend, you have good reason to give thanks to God that you were <i>not</i> born in a university town. It is the most dangerous place for a girl, and if it were up to me, I would flee and hide somewhere on earth where I could live peacefully incognito, in possession of your friendship."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/michaelishaus-by-g-d-heumann-after-1740.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gottingen-1747.jpg]Göttingen 1747 (engraving by Georg Daniel Heumann)<font size="16">Göttingen, Market Square 1747. Caroline was born in 1763 into the family of one of the most prominent professors in Göttingen at the time. She and several of her friends—Dorothea Schlözer, Therese Heyne, Meta Wedekind, and Philippine Gatterer—were known during their youth as the "University Mamsells."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/gottingen-1747.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_jdm.jpg]<font size="16">Johann David Michaelis: Caroline's father, a renowned Orientalist inclined to tell off-color jokes in class. A student recalls: "A man of impressive physical stature and bearing, dressed as a <i>cavalier, </i>clothes bearing the stripes of rank, in boots and spurs, sword at his side, a pompous gait, a proud countenance betraying both grand intellect and courage, fire in his eyes, which gazed so intently that one was disinclined to look directly at him for long—thus did he stride into the auditorium, the Bible under his arm."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/jdm.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michmd.jpg]<font size="16">Louise Philippine Antoinette Michaelis, née Schröder: Caroline's mother. Caroline writes in 1778: "Only think how things would be for me if I did not have as cheerful a temperament as I indeed do! Though I have many reasons to be glum, I forget them so easily, console myself as best I can, and let God take care of the rest. Is it not injury enough that my mother gives preference to my siblings over me?"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/michmd.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-caroline-silhouette.jpg]Caroline Michaelis<font size="16">Caroline as a young woman in Göttingen, one of the five "University Mamsells." Writing about an awkward early love interest: "But away with such memories! . . . Why should I, in the blossom of life, make myself so anxious? I want to <i>enjoy </i>my springtime—being but 16 years old and already getting gray hair from worry and care? that is <i>not </i>my thing."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/michaelis-caroline-silhouette.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gatterer-philippine-by-jh-tischbein.jpg]Philippine Gatterer by J. H. Tischbein, 1780<font size="16">Philippine Gatterer: Poet and one of the "University Mamsells." Caroline in 1780: "our Göttingen muse, Mlle. Gatterer...Tischbein painted her as a muse in a sky-blue robe, leaning on a lyre, and with a garland of laurels and roses in her hair. He sent one of the pictures to her here...the second he kept for himself, and the third has been put up in the Cassel art gallery."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/gatterer-philippine-by-jh-tischbein.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_liebeskind-meta-silhouette.jpg]Meta Wedekind, silhouette<font size="16">Sophie Margarethe Dorothea Wedekind, "Meta": One the five Göttingen "University Mamsells" and someone who reappears frequently throughout Caroline's life. Meta writes after Caroline's death in 1809: "Oh, my Caroline! You in whom the earlier days of my youth, but in a more beautiful reflection, stood before my soul, days which gently preserved all the ties with my past that are so precious to the human heart. You, my beloved!"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/liebeskind-meta-silhouette.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_heyne-therese.jpg]Therese Heyne<font size="16">Therese Heyne: Caroline's early friend and rival and one of the "University Mamsells." Caroline write in 1781: "She talks incessantly and always with considerable wit, and for precisely that reason some find her intolerable, while others are bedazzled. Even though on the whole she is not particularly well liked, she does have various open admirers...Despite all her good principles, however, there is much that is false about her."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/heyne-therese.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-dorothea-c1800.jpg]Dorothea Rodde, née Schlözer<font size="16">Dorothea Schlözer: One of the "University Mamsells," daughter of professor Schlözer, and the second woman (after Dorothea Erxleben) to be awarded a doctorate at a German university. When she was eleven, she accompanied her father on a six-month journey to Italy. Later, as a married woman, she signed her name as "Rodde-Schlözer," possibly the first use of the double surname in German.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/schlozer-dorothea-c1800.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_gotha-ca-1730.jpg]<font size="16">Gotha ca. 1730, where Caroline attended boarding school in 1776-78. Her sister Lotte would later attend the same school. Caroline writes in 1783: "Indeed, even if it were more serious and someone secretly whisked me off to Gotha in a <i>chaise, </i>I would not resist. Sometimes I long for Gotha with such melancholy, not necessarily for the pleasantness of the place itself, but simply to see my friends, to see you again, and to be able to thank you for your lasting friendship with the kind of tenderness and warmth no quill can express, and where a glance, an embrace always says so much more than even a <i>thousand </i>words."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/gotha-ca-1730.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/thumbs/thumbs_blumenbach-johann_friedrich.jpg]Johann Friedrich Blumbenbach<font size="16">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: A Göttingen professor widely viewed as the founder of physical anthropology based on anatomical and physiological features, but also one of Caroline's gentleman admirers in 1777. As it was, however, in 1779 he married Louisa Amalia Brandes, sister of C. G. Heyne's second wife, Georgine.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1763-1796/blumenbach-johann_friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_luise-madam-caroline-michaelis-house.jpg]<font size="16">Luise, Madam, and Caroline Michaelis </font><font size="14">(Otto Cramer Family Archives) </font><font size="16">, silhouette from Caroline's youth.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/luise-madam-caroline-michaelis-house.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_heyne-christian_gottlob.jpg]Christian Gottlob Heyne<font size="16">Christian Gottlob Heyne: Renowned Göttingen professor, classical scholar, archaeologist, neighbor of the Michaelis family, and unrelenting critic of the Michaelis children, especially the daughters. Refers to Caroline in November 1793 as "that depraved creature...such an utterly wretched female, unworthy of any and all respect".</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/heyne-christian_gottlob.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-august-ludwig-von-1779.jpg]August Ludwig von Schlözer<font size="16">August Ludwig von Schlözer: Professor in Göttingen, good friend of Caroline's father, and someone with rather radical notions about the education of women.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/schlozer-august-ludwig-von-1779.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_reichard-h-a-o.jpg]<font size="14">H.A.O. Reichard, Gotha librarian with whom Caroline was never quite on good terms. His wife, Amalie, would later be one of her detractors in Gotha. Caroline writes as early as 1778: "Reichard’s verses enjoy sufficient approbation from me and would perhaps enjoy even more were it not for this terrible prejudice I already harbor against that odious man. I almost believe our hatred is reciprocal; at the very least, we certainly had a falling out during my last visit in Gotha. And yet there was a time when we got along quite well."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/reichard-h-a-o.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_lichtenberg-georg-christoph-um-1780.jpg]Georg Christoph Lichtenberg<font size="16">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg: An extremely popular lecturer in Göttingen in experimental physics whose letters provide revealing commentary on events there, including some of the same events Caroline mentions.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/lichtenberg-georg-christoph-um-1780.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_mara-elisabeth-by-elisabeth-vigee-lebrun.jpg]Elisabeth Mara, portrait by Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun<font size="16">Elisabeth Mara: Operatic singer with essentially a three-octave range, for a time recognized as the greatest singer Germany had produced. Caroline in 1778: "She gave two concerts here, singing divinely at the first. Someone [Lichtenberg] who had heard the famous Gabrieli told me that Madame Mara sang better. But at the second concert she did <i>not </i>do so well because her husband made her utterly lose her composure with his <i>constant </i>rudeness. Hence he now possesses my complete hatred."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/mara-elisabeth-by-elisabeth-vigee-lebrun.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_forster-johann-and-georg-by-john-francis-rigaud.jpg]Johann and Georg Forster<font size="16">World travelers Johann and Georg Forster: In 1779, Caroline mentions the elder Forster's financial problems in England: "Monsieur Forster is here to distract himself a bit, since he is quite melancholy, and I do believe he has reason to be. His fate is not among the most agreeable. His father causes him considerable anxiety; they were not fair to him in London, he has not been compensated for his voyage, and Lord Sendwich despicably surrendered him over to the king."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/forster-johann-and-georg-by-john-francis-rigaud.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_washington-granger-collection-ny.jpg]<font size="15">George Washington</font><font size="14"> (Granger Collection, New York)</font><font size="16">. Caroline's half-brother, Fritz, was a staff medical officer with Hessian troops in America during the Revolutionary War. Caroline writes in February 1780: "The most recent newspapers reported that Washington was dead, and I was all ready to celebrate his death when, unfortunately, I learned I would be rejoicing in vain, since he was still in the best of health. Perhaps he has no more desire to die than I. I do not believe, however, that the war can last much longer, though the death of Washington, who must be an excellent general, would have put an end to everything, and I would have seen the best of brothers once again."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/washington-granger-collection-ny.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_pyrmont-in-the-18th-century.jpg]<font size="16">Pyrmont in the 18th Century: promenade in 1780. Caroline enjoyed a heady visit with her father during his stay at this trendy resort spa in the summer of 1780: "I was impressed more than I can tell you by the beauty of the place and by the multitude of foreigners. It is impossible for me to describe it for you. The road was illuminated that same evening, there was a ball, and we saw Pyrmont in all its brilliance. The next day we were introduced and received with the greatest politeness and graciousness, and I made the most <i>agreeable </i>acquaintances there."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/pyrmont-in-the-18th-century.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/thumbs/thumbs_koenigsberg-view.jpg]<font size="15">View from the Königsberg near Pyrmont. Caroline continues her travelogue: "We took a carriage tour to <i>Königsberg, </i>which owes this name to the king of Prussia, whose favorite promenade it was during his own stay at Pyrmont; they have also marked the place where he was accustomed to sit. How could I describe for you the charming and varied environs that presented themselves to my gaze there".</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1778-1780/koenigsberg-view.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frederick-duke-of-york.jpg]<font size="14">Frederick Duke of York, who may not have been as chaste during his visits to Göttingen in 1781 as Caroline assumed: "The reason they sent him to Hannover is his love for one of the ladies of the queen, beautiful and virtuous, and whom he could even marry were the king to make her a duchess. Nevertheless they wanted to divert him from her through absence, but in vain, since up till now he has remained constant even though his seducers have set countless traps for him, they even gave him the most beautiful girls in Hannover for his service, to make the beds, etc., yet he does not even <i>look </i>at them...but young, without experience, open to every impression, will he always be able to resist?" "One great fault I find with him is that he has little about him of a bishop, so little in fact that it even vexes me a bit to call him such; he is neither large <i>nor </i>fat, and loves neither wine <i>nor </i>women."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/frederick-duke-of-york.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_franziska-von-hohenheim.jpg]<font size="14">Franziska von Hohenheim, second wife—but initially mistress—of the Duke of Württemberg. Caroline in March 1781: "This week the Duke of Württemberg and the Countess of Hohenheim—<i>who is traveling with him—</i>honored our city. He visited all the lectures...the library, disputations...everything one could think of...She went along, then spent the rest of the time at the inn being <i>bored. </i>Everyone who has seen her offers the most charming description; she is allegedly not beautiful but is extremely pleasant, learned, and endowed with ample good sense and understanding....He is ugly, and she is probably not really in love with him even though she left her husband for his sake."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/franziska-von-hohenheim.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_k-e.jpg]<font size="15">Carl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg (oil by J.F. Weckherlin). Caroline continues her account in March 1781: "Every other word he speaks is 'virtue' or 'religion,' he who <i>oppresses </i>feminine virtue, who <i>shatters </i>the peace of so many families...Oh, how I <i>despise </i>him! If you want to know what he looks like, then imagine a large man, not slender, with a reddish face, a big nose along with small <i>ditos </i>on it, large, protruding eyes, a short brown jacket, a sulfur-yellow vest so long that one could hardly see the black-satin leggings over which his gray stockings were wrapped in the old-fashioned style, for his vest and stockings overlapped, and finally boots that had been stiffened with whalebone, and who walks with the gait of an old man."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/k-e.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gallitzin-adelheid-amalie.jpg]Amalie von Gallitzin<font size="15">Amalie von Gallitzin: Eclectic, erudite follower of the Enlightenment and later salonnière in Münster, here dressed a bit differently than Caroline describes in September 1781: "We have had a visitor here who is quite singular, a certain <i>princesse </i>de Gallizin...An extremely knowledgeable woman, dressed in a sort of Greek drapery cloth, with short-trimmed hair, flat shoes...who goes to bathe with an entourage of 6 to 8 gentleman in broad daylight in our Leine River."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/gallitzin-adelheid-amalie.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_nicolai-friedrich-2.jpg]Friedrich Nicolai<font size="16">Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin Enlightenment representative who dined with Caroline's family in October 1781 during his tour of Germany. Eighteen-year-old Caroline writes: "A man who certainly seems to possess a generous measure of genius, spirit, and finesse, but who despite all his <i>savoir vivre </i>would not know enough to conceal either his religious principles <i>or </i>the rather grand idea he has of himself."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/nicolai-friedrich-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_kotzebue-august-von-by-heinsius-um-1800.jpg]August von Kotzebue<font size="16">August von Kotzebue: Prolific playwright and actor who will appear frequently later as a nemesis of the Jena circle, but who in 1781 and 1782 was one of Lotte Michaelis's suitors, passing secret letters along to her through a friend: "Please be careful not to confuse these girls when you pass the letter along. Her name is <i>Lotte, </i>she has black eyes, long eyelashes, looks like an angel, and is not very tall...It is imperative that <i>not a single soul </i>learn anything about either the letter or the entire matter."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/kotzebue-august-von-by-heinsius-um-1800.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_bgg.jpg]<font size="16">Botanical Garden, Göttingen, 1758: Caroline writes on 2 March 1782: "That same evening, just when everyone was expecting the greatest trouble, someone cried 'fire,' the drummer began beating his drum, the bells sounded, and we learned simultaneously that the fire was allegedly in the prorector’s house. It was indeed there, in the orangery of his botanical garden, but was quickly extinguished. It was extremely cold, with the wind blowing toward the city, and since the students would not have helped, Göttingen could easily have been lost. But everything is tranquil at the moment."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/bgg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-lotte.jpg]<font size="15">Charlotte (Lotte) Michaelis. Silhouette from the album of the Hungarian Gregorius Franz von Berceviczy (1763–1822), who studied in Göttingen during the years 1784–86. If the silhouette was genuinely done during those years, Lotte would have been between 18 and 20 years old at the time (born 1766).</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/michaelis-lotte.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_hann-muenden.jpg]<font size="15">Hann. Münden, 21km southwest of Göttingen, where Caroline stopped with Madam Schlözer on their way to Kassel to meet Professor Schlözer and his daughter, Dorothea, on the latters' return from Italy in April 1782. Caroline writes: "On our way there, in Münden, we were also present at a peculiar but rather sad drama, namely, the embarkation of troops for America. What a broad, diverse, and yet dreadful departure scene. It is easy enough to understand what it mostly meant to <i>me </i>[Caroline's brother Fritz had been a staff medical officer with the Hessian troops in America]. The area around Münden is so romantic that it seems to have been created for just such a scene. Although I have no need to tell you, my dear Luise, how much Kassel pleased me, I must say I was bothered by the notion that in Münden the landgrave [Friedrich II of Kassel] was selling human beings in order to build <i>palaces </i>in Kassel."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/hann-muenden.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_schlozer-house-in-gottingen.jpg]House of August Ludwig von Schlözer in Göttingen<font size="16">House of A.W. von Schlözer in Göttingen. In April 1782, Caroline and Frau Schlözer accompanied Herr Schlözer and Dorothea from Kassel back to Göttingen after the latters' six-month tour of Italy: "We finally arrived quite splendidly in Göttingen, if I do say so myself: 3 on horseback leading the way, then our carriage with 4 passengers, the Roman Travel Society with 6 horses, and a cabriolet bringing up the rear. Our entourage grew such that when we finally got out in front of the Schlözer’s house, over 100 people had assembled, and Schlözer was almost carried into the house and we ourselves had trouble pushing our way through the crowd."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/schlozer-house-in-gottingen.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_kerstlingerode.jpg]<font size="15">Kerstlingerode, ca. 10km southeast of Göttingen. Therese Heyne relates what she calls a "scandalous story" about an excursion on 27 Feburary 1783 to the village of Kerstlingerode involving Caroline, Lotte Michaelis, and several Göttingen students: "The two Michaelis girls took a walk with Frankenberg, and on their way back go into an open barn where there is lots of hay lying around, and there, as Koskull said, they cavorted in an <i>indecent </i>manner. Koskull went over and closed the door and blocked it with a big piece of wood. The next day Poel asked Frankenberg in the lecture hall whether he knew a certain song, a very <i>nice </i>one in fact, and passed him a note with the words, <i>"Three geese a-sitting a-there in the hay, so merry were they, so happy a-day; then came three men down into the chaff, each carrying an oh-so-large large staff, asking out loud, Who's there? Who's there? Just three geese a-sitting a-there in the hay, so merry were they, so happy a-day..."</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/kerstlingerode.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotz-lenardo-und-blandine.jpg]Joseph Franz von Götz, Lenardo und Blandine engravings<font size="16">Joseph Franz von Götz's <i>Lenardo und Blandine </i>(1783), 160 engravings illustrating G.A. Bürger's ballade by the same name (1776) almost after the fashion of modern comic-book panels. Caroline in April 1784: "I recently saw a similar curiosity in the etchings of <i>Lenardo und Blandine </i>by Baron Götz. Is it already available in Gotha? Gotter will find it delightfully refreshing. If only the drawings were not so untrue, occasionally eliciting more a sense of the ridiculous than addressing one’s feelings. But the overall collection is splendid and really is a singular idea." To see the entire collection of engravings, click <a target="_blank" href="http://www.konkykru.com/e.goez.1783.lenardo.und.blandine.1.html"><u>here</u></a>.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/gotz-lenardo-und-blandine.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_papiermuehle-graf-von-hoffmannsegg-1787.jpg]Paper Mill in Weende (1787 watercolor Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg)<font size="15">The Paper Mill in Weende, north of Göttingen, a popular excursion locale Caroline visited with her brother Fritz and Therese Heyne in May 1784: "One morning the three of us went to the Paper Mill, where we spent 6 very enjoyable hours. As an aside, let me tell you about a company of people we encountered there. A certain Madam Elise Bethmann from Frankfurt is currently staying here to have her child’s illness treated...Her husband is Germany’s premier <i>banquier. </i>Of course, she cannot stand him, since she herself does not really make anything of the uncertainty of wealth...She speaks disparagingly about her husband and is a poor teacher, e.g., pinching her children in public; and yet she is knitting money purses for forty of her intimate lady friends." One of those children, Sophie, would prove instrumental in securing Caroline's release from prison in 1793.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/papiermuehle-graf-von-hoffmannsegg-1787.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-georg-ludwig.jpg]Georg Ludwig Böhmer<font size="16">Georg Ludwig Böhmer: Göttingen professor and Caroline's father-in-law; she married his son Johann Franz Wilhelm Böhmer on 15 June 1784, a man chosen for her by her family in part because of his friendship with her brother and in part because of his mother's connections in Hannover and London.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1781-1791/bohmer-georg-ludwig.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_clausthal-1853.jpg]Clausthal, 1853 (engraving Rohbock/Poppel)<font size="16">Clausthal in the Upper Harz Mountains: Caroline lived here from 1784 till 1788 with her first husband, Franz Wilhelm Böhmer, who was the town physician. Her two daughters, Auguste and Therese, were born here. Caroline in 1784: "Today I again paid some visits, to Cousin Schichtrupp, among others; his wife—a fine piece of livestock—looks like a human tam-‘o-shanter. He is horribly ignorant. He once heard about the American war but did not know whether Hansel or Gretel was fighting it. At the Prauns’s house...Madam von Reden was quite sweet, adorned from head to toe like a royal maternity bed. <i>Bouche close!"</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/clausthal-1853.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_oker-1840-by-a-schule-after-w-ripe.jpg]Oker near Goslar (engraving A. Schule)<font size="16">Oker near Goslar, 1840, an excursion destination for Caroline and Franz Wilhelm Böhmer from Clausthal in 1784. Caroline writes: "But now take an excursion with me into the domain of love. 14 days ago we traveled through Goslar to Oker, a locale with a hundred houses situated at the foot of a steep, forested mountain and bordered quite closely on the other side by the Oker River. We were visiting an acquaintance and spent one night with him. The route to Goslar itself is beautiful and, at the midpoint, quite charming when, emerging from the dense forest, one has a view of the whole countryside extending even past Halberstadt."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/oker-1840-by-a-schule-after-w-ripe.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_goslar-merian-1653.jpg]Goslar 1653 (Merian Collection)<font size="16">Goslar, ca. 16 km northeast of Clausthal. Caroline and Franz Böhmer passed through it on their way to Oker in 1784. Caroline writes: "But in Goslar itself—as soon as from a far distance you glimpse the needlepoint shapes of the octagonal towers—nature itself dies away, the grass withers, and everything languishes and droops toward the ground. You travel between bare mountains and then through a gate—where from sheer fright love itself would have to breathe out its last sigh, else fall into fearsome despair...Monasteries without windows and churches without number, and everywhere 16-cornered watchtowers that look like chained guard dogs."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/goslar-merian-1653.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-auguste-familienarchiv-otto-cramer.jpg]<font size="15">Auguste Böhmer ("Auta," "Gustl"; born 1785), oil portrait by J. F. A. Tischbein 1798 <font size="12">(Otto Cramer Family Archives)</font>, <font size="15"> Caroline's first daughter and one of the most important persons in this correspondence, from soiling her bed as a child to taking lessons in Greek from Friedrich Schlegel as a teenager. She writes an epistolary poem to Friedrich in 1799: "You can see how totally crazy I've got / Full of sillies that threaten quite to besot. / The reason? 'Tis simple: Herr <i>Faust </i>have I read, / Whose spirit now rules in my own spirit’s stead."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/bohmer-auguste-familienarchiv-otto-cramer.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_katlenburg-von-osten.jpg]The Katlenburg Estate (photo courtesy Birgit and Kristian Schlegel, Katlenburg)<font size="16">The Katlenburg estate from the east, the direction from which Caroline would have approached, above the village formerly known as Duhm. Even before an anticipated journey to Göttingen in 1785, Caroline was acquainted with the locale, the estate, and the magistrate occupying the residence. The route to Göttingen passed by the estate. She writes in June: "My mother-in-law is once again spending some time at a mineral springs spa near here, and I will be accompanying her [to Göttingen]; I am really looking forward to it, and they in their own turn are looking forward to seeing me and my child. Along the way, which passes by the Catlenburg—thus the name of the fairy castle of Magistrate [Johann Arnold] Reinbold [Caroline's mother's uncle]—I am hoping to see Madam Sturz."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/katlenburg-von-osten.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_paradis-maria-theresia.jpg]<font size="14">Maria Theresia Paradis: Lotte Michaelis, Caroline's sister, writes to Caroline about a private performance in Göttingen by this blind Viennese singer in 1785: "Then suddenly Mademoiselle Paradis began to play and to sing a song that always drives me crazy for at least an hour afterward—and as soon as I heard it, I jumped up, ran over to her—Louise right behind me—and now she began to laugh and said she had <i>arranged </i>with Gerwin and Madam Less to sing <i>exactly </i>this song, and they had all bet I would leap up from the ground as soon as I heard it!"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/paradis-maria-theresia.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_gittelde.jpg]<font size="16">Gittelde, ca. 10 km east of Clausthal (contemporary photo). Caroline apparently visited the small village on several occasions. She writes in June 1785: "Until then I will also be taking several excursion to Gittelde to see Madam Böhmer, Louise B[öhmer], and the <i>Hofrat </i>[Louise's fiancé, Georg Jacob Friedrich Meister]. The summer, which has arrived so slowly, will pass quickly amid many such distractions."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/gittelde.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/thumbs/thumbs_clausthal-ca-1900-2.jpg]<font size="16">Clausthal im Harz, ca. 1900: Caroline and Franz Wilhelm Böhmer lived in a house essentially adjacent to the Church of the Holy Spirit at the center of this postcard. After Böhmer's death on 4 February 1788, he was buried in the Old Cemetery barely 100 paces from their home. Caroline writes: "Suffering gently is requiring the most strenuous effort of which I am capable just now, and is certainly necessary, for the eruptions of my grief, the violent tears of mournful misery do nothing but harm me straightaway...It is not as if I were trying to empty myself of all feeling or as if the images of the past were less vivid—your Caroline is a living monument to the deceased, he lives in my heart with the most vivid presence—the reflection of that final, smiling, grateful look in his eyes is still in mine—that is how I feel now—and yet, precisely because these images, perpetually hovering around me, draw me away from reality, they make my condition easier."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1784-1788/clausthal-ca-1900-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_marburg.jpg]<font size="16">Marburg in Hessia, where Caroline lived with her brother Fritz from the summer of 1789 to the autumn of 1791. Her youngest daughter, Therese, died here in December 1789, an event Caroline movingly recounts in her letters. Caroline in 1789: "Marburg has little—but it suffers neither from stultifying uniformity nor from the conceit of an imperial city. The people here are not as cultivated and are more talkative, but they are also more tolerant. I am very well liked here because my heart casts a cloak over the merits of my mind such that the expressions of <i>both </i>are then credited to me as something of merit."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/marburg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-1875.jpg]<font size="15">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg ca. 1875 (house on left; demolished in 1965), where Caroline, Auguste, and Röschen resided with her half-brother, Fritz. Caroline writes about her room: "In it are my own and my children’s beds and a night table, and all the silhouettes—surrounded by the shadow of my loved one[s]—the silhouette of my father with the wreathe of wilted flowers hangs over my sofa, and Lotte at Werther’s grave."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/reitgasse-14-1875.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_la-roche-sophie-von-by-unbekannt-um-1780.jpg]<font size="16">Sophie von La Roche: Caroline socialized with this famous authoress in Marburg, albeit not without some unkind criticism of her novels: "I promised to embroider her a cap if...she would send me the <i>Mannheimer Briefe, </i>which are allegedly the best thing she has written...She agreed on the condition that I give her my opinion of <i>Miss Lony—</i>fortunately I had not read it yet, for surely I can come up with <i>something </i>that is true, <i>something </i>I can praise, which will doubtless, however, still not interest me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/la-roche-sophie-von-by-unbekannt-um-1780.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_elisabethkirche_0.jpg]<font size="15">Marburg, Church of St. Elisabeth, whose construction was begun in 1235 over the tomb of Elizabeth of Thuringia (in background: what Caroline refers to as her "hexed castle"). Caroline writes on a Sunday morning in 1789: "Yesterday evening the Schulers and Hansteins had tea with us, and we made arrangements for several outings, one to the Church of St. Elisabeth and St. Elisabeth’s washing fountain, and to the Frauenberg." (Concerning "St. Elszabeth's washing fountain," see the next gallery image.)</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/elisabethkirche_0.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_elisabethwaschhaus.jpg]<font size="14">Marburg, St. Elisabeth's Fountain at the corner of Bahnhofsstrasse, Elisabethstrasse, and Wehrdaer Weg</font> <font size="12">(photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.marburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=20616">Stadtarchiv Marburg</a></u></font><font size="15">). According to a late 18th-century text, St. Elisabeth used its waters for washing. Although another fountain in Marburg is associated with St. Elisabeth, Caroline seems to be referring to two rather than three outings, i.e., one to the church and nearby (ca. 100m) fountain (not yet another to the fountain outside town), the other to Frauenberg Castle.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/elisabethwaschhaus.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_marburg-1842-talansicht.jpg]<font size="16">Marburg ca. 1842 (painting by Georg Michael Mades), showing—to the right—the Lahn River and valley Caroline could see from her room. She writes in December 1789, during the final days of Röschen's illness: "I, too, am not yet feeling well, and since you have been gone there have been very few days when I have even been able to go outside—which is why I have also essentially forgotten about the entire world, excepting my room and my valley, through which the river runs and a couple of ravens take friendly flight."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/marburg-1842-talansicht.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frauenberg-burgruine.jpg]<font size="16">Frauenberg Castle ruins near Marburg. Caroline enjoyed a picnic there in August 1790, writing to Lotte Michaelis: "On Sunday we enjoyed a delightful company, almost 100 people, though by a long shot not all our better society. The setting was heavenly, out in the open countryside with tall oaks towering over us at the foot of the Frauenberg castle and with a view so heavenly it simply defies description."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/frauenberg-burgruine.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_frauenberg-burgruine-2.jpg]<font size="16">Frauenberg Castle ruins near Marburg. "We ate under tents, everything free and easy and sumptuous. During the afternoon, when the farmers assembled, the girls were drawn into the dancing...Saturnalias were celebrated that came close to being Bacchanalias, though they stopped <i>just </i>in time."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/frauenberg-burgruine-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_burger-gottfried-august-2.jpg]<font size="16">Gottfried August Bürger: The Göttingen poet for whom Caroline maintained an affectionate understanding. Caroline in 1791: "If I had space, I would write you about literary things—about Schiller, who stripped Bürger of all human dignity in a review, and about Bürger, who knows how to defend himself only with irony—a weapon that generally misfires in the hands of most writers, since most writers are <i>men—</i>and also about Bürger the husband, the shadows of whose blessed deceased wives are now taking revenge in his present, living one."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/burger-gottfried-august-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_burger-elise-hahn.jpg]Elise Bürger, née Hahn<font size="15">Elise Bürger, as Cleopatra in Kotzebue's <i>Oktavia</i>. Gottfried August Bürger's third wife, notorious in Göttingen for her randy behavior with students, including Caroline's brother Philipp. Bürger writes to Wilhelm Schlegel in 1792: "This past winter I had to secure a legal divorce from the most wasteful, extravagent, hypocritical, wanton, and adulterous of all women under God's sun...A museum piece of marital vice equal to <i>this </i>woman will probably never again exist in nature."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/burger-elise-hahn.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-johann-david-ca-1790-by-c-a-f-lafontaine.jpg]<font size="14">J.D. Michaelis, 1790, Caroline's father, who died on 22 August 1791 but whose later years were embittered. Caroline in late 1790: "Our father is not very happy even as it is—he is so irritable, and his old age is becoming such a burden to him that the mere <i>thought </i>of contributing to the trouble he is already experiencing would terrify me. Consider for a moment this man who has so utterly outlived himself, and precisely where he might yet find a measure of enjoyment, namely, in his children, what do they give him instead?"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/michaelis-johann-david-ca-1790-by-c-a-f-lafontaine.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotter-luise.jpg]Luise Gotter<font size="16">Luise Gotter, née Stieler: One of Caroline's childhood friends and her most loyal correspondent throughout Caroline's life. She writes to Schelling after Caroline's death in 1809: "I count my friendship with her, a friendship that began in my early youth, among the most fortunate occurrences of my life. Every hour spent with her was pure gain for both heart and mind."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/gotter-luise.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_gotter-friedrich-wilhelm-stich-von-lavater.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter<font size="16">Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter: This writer, an acquaintance of Goethe from their days in Wetzlar, later married one of Caroline's lifelong friends and most consistent correspondents, Luise Stieler. In the autumn of 1791, Caroline and her younger sister, Luise, traveled to Gotha to visit the Gotters. While there, Caroline was wooed by a certain distinguished clergyman.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/gotter-friedrich-wilhelm-stich-von-lavater.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/thumbs/thumbs_loeffler.jpg]<font size="15">J.F.C. Löffler: The Gotha clergyman who tried to entice the widowed Caroline back into marriage. In some ways, he was to Caroline what Mr. Collins was to Elizabeth Bennet. Caroline: "I admittedly could have made myself <i>quite </i>useful to the state by keeping a proper household for him and by raising another half dozen children just like my own, one and only, dear little girl—but all that will happen just as well <i>without </i>me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1789-1791/loeffler.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-1860.jpg]<font size="16">Mainz (here ca. 1860), where Caroline and Auguste arrived in late February or early March 1792. She writes in peculiar anticipation on 20 April 1792, without knowing about France's declaration of war against Austria that same day: "In a word, I can tell you that everything is just as I expected. We may yet see some rather lively scenes here if war should break out—not for the life of me would I leave—just imagine, I will be able to tell my grandchildren how I experienced a siege, and how the people cut off an old clergyman’s long nose and the Democrats then roasted it publicly in the market place—we are, after all, living in an extraordinarily interesting time politically." During Caroline's initial visit to Mainz back in the spring of 1790, however, things were rather idyllic. She writes in March 1791: "Such beautiful evenings, climbing into a skiff late at night and simply letting ourselves drift down the Rhine."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/mainz-1860.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_forster-georg-ca-1785.jpg]Georg Forster<font size="16">Georg Forster, ca. 1785: Participated in James Cook's 2nd voyage to the south seas, supported the French Revolution, and was a major player in the Mainz Republic. Married Therese Heyne in 1785, who left him in Mainz in December 1792; Caroline was subsequently accused of having ruined their marriage and even of having tried to ensnare Forster himself into marriage.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/forster-georg-ca-1785.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-marktplatz.jpg]Mainz, Marketplace, undated postcard<font size="16">Mainz, Marketplace. Caroline in October 1792: "What a change we’ve had since a week ago—General Custine is living in the castle of the Elector of Mainz—the German Jacobin Club assembles in his banquet hall—the streets are teeming with National Cockades. – The strange tones that once cursed freedom now strike up the tune of <i>vivre libre ou mourir. </i>If only I had the patience to write and you to read, I could relate much to you. – We now have over 10,000 men in the city, and calm and order predominate. All the nobles have fled—citizens are treated with extreme consideration—such is politics."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/mainz-marktplatz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_huber-therese-c1820.jpg]Therese Huber, ca. 1820<font size="16">Therese Huber (earlier: Forster), here in a later picture. She left Mainz (and Georg Forster) on 7 December 1792. Caroline: "From a human perspective, this is the worst decision she has ever made, and the first step of which I disapprove without reservation." She married Ludwig Ferdinand Huber in 1794 after Forster's death.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/huber-therese-c1820.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig-ferdinand-westermanns-ms-1903.jpg]L. F. Huber (image: Westermanns Illustrierte Deutsche Monatshefte [1903])<font size="16">Ludwig Ferdinand Huber: Huber appears in several capacities in this correspondence, not only as Therese Heyne's second husband and the role he played in her decision to abandon Georg Forster in Mainz, but also because of his harsh reviews of the Schlegel brothers' works, prompting some devastating responses from Caroline that are among her finer epistolary moments.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/huber-ludwig-ferdinand-westermanns-ms-1903.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_stock-dora_0.jpg]Dora Stock, self-portrait<font size="16">Dora Stock, self-portrait: Sister-in-law of Schiller's friend Christian Gottfried Körner, and the woman Huber left behind for Therese Forster, prompting commensurate ire from, among others, Schiller.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/stock-dora_0.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_sommerring-samuel-thomas-von.jpg]<font size="16">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, one of Caroline's most resolute adversaries. He writes to Therese Forster's father on 6 April 1793: "I know for certain now from Madam Böhmer's own statements that <i>she </i>was the cause of the separation between Forster and his wife; she congratulated herself for having finally prompted a declaration between Forster and Therese; <i>nota bene </i>only <i>after </i>Therese's departure."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/sommerring-samuel-thomas-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_bohmer-johann-georg-wilhelm-brother-in-law_0.jpg]<font size="15">Johann Georg Wilhelm Böhmer: Caroline's brother-in-law, though regrettably also a major player in the Mainz Republic. Caroline was apparently mistaken for his wife while attempting to flee Mainz. Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring writes to Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen on 27 July 1793: "Böhmer was arrested outside the city gates disguised as a sans-cullote, beaten, and his wife pulled from the carriage by her hair."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/bohmer-johann-georg-wilhelm-brother-in-law_0.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_custine.jpg]<font size="14">Adam Philippe de Custine, French general who took Mainz in the fall of 1792. Gossip had Caroline as his mistress: "Custine himself allegedly had himself wed for two months to the wife of Doctor *…Custine allegedly had Madam*. . constantly driven around Mainz in the sumptuous state carriage of the prince elector accompanied by two Haiduks. *The lady in question here was...the infamous Caroline Böhmer…an intelligent, fiery, physically well-endowed woman."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/custine.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_mainz-siege-1793.jpg]<font size="15">Siege of Mainz in 1793 (direction to Königstein, where Caroline would be imprisoned and hear the artillery, indicated at bottom right). Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring writes to Therese Forster's father on 6 April 1793 from Frankfurt (where Caroline was initially taken): "Mainz is now completely and tightly surrounded. The <i>Favorite </i>has been entirely razed, the <i>Carthaus </i>[edifices in and around Mainz] almost completely, though neither Mainz nor Castel has yet been bombarded. . . . Madam Wedekind, Mother Forkel, and the widow Böhmer similarly could not get any further than Oppenheim. Although the latter three were trying to get to Göttingen and Gotha by way of Frankfurt, it was Madam <i>Böhmer's </i>fault they were put under guard in Hattersheim and then brought here. I saw her both before and after the hearing, where to me she seemed to have behaved in a <i>quite </i>unwomanly fashion."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/mainz-siege-1793.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_konigstein-merian.jpg]<font size="14">Königstein Fortress, here before its destruction by the French on 7 September 1796. J.H. Liebeskind describes his impression as he, Meta Forkel, and Caroline arrived: "The ancient, high walls, the dull, enclosed air shaft, the cold, damp vapors that no sun warms, the various sentries whose steps echo in the corridors, the clanging of the large iron locks on the cells, and the deathly silence, which otherwise was spread out over everything like black down, the pale faces of the prisoners, the timidity with which occasionally the one or other quietly utters a few syllables, the sighs that often break forth quite loudly: all this could not but fill each and every person with the most gloomy premonition."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/konigstein-merian.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein.jpg]Gravesite of Lotte Michaelis (photo Göttinger Tageblatt/Hinzmann)<font size="15">Gravesite of Lotte Dieterich, née Michaelis <font size="12">(photo <a target="_blank" href="http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de/Users/Wir-ueber-uns/GT/Fotografie/Christina-Hinzmann/%28from%29/40531"><u>Christina Hinzmann</u></a>), <font size="15">Caroline's sister who died on 2 April 1793 after childbirth (a bitter medical scandal resulted). Caroline in June: "The same week I lost my freedom, Lotte lost her life in childbirth. My mother is grieving, but Lotte is better off this way—she was happy when she died and could still have experienced so much misfortune had she lived longer."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_konigstein-1900.jpg]<font size="15">Königstein Fortress, ca. 1900. Caroline was imprisoned here from 8 April–14 June 1793. She writes in May 1793, now aware of her pregnancy: "You spoke more of the truth than you might imagine—namely, that a long period of imprisonment would endanger my life—albeit in a different sense—as you will learn from me in any event. Please do not relate this to <i>anyone</i>." She remarks later on her contemplation of suicide: "My conviction was merely that the shame, indeed, the scandal that would invariably have accompanied any discovery of my condition at the time would necessarily be disadvantageous to the destiny of this eight-year-old girl [Auguste] and would ineradicably, bitterly hurt all those who, near and far, were sympathetic to me. That is why I was indeed able to contemplate the idea."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/konigstein-1900.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_siege-of-mainz.jpg]Siege of Mainz<font size="16">The siege of Mainz in 1793, oil by Georg Schneider. Caroline writes from her imprisonment on Königstein in May: "Here in the castle garden I can hear the thunder of the artillery, and only a nearby mountain keeps me from seeing the entire scene itself."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/siege-of-mainz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_kronenberg.jpg]Kronenberg (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division)<font size="15">Kronenberg (contemporary Kronberg; here between 1890 and 1905), where Caroline and Auguste arrived on 14 April 1793—albeit still under house arrest—after having been released from the prison in the fortress Königstein, where they had been since 8 April. Caroline writes on 15 April: "My health has been greatly weakened—but, truly, the inner serenity of my soul is so little dampened that today, here in a room of my own which even has <i>chairs </i>(since 8 April, the only thing I beheld was tall wooden benches) and in a place where I no longer have to see prison guards or sentries, I have the courage to feel happy even though I am plagued by headaches and by an incessant cough that has now become chronic." She and Auguste would remain there until efforts by her brother Philipp Michaelis would free them on 13 July.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/kronenberg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_friedrich-wilhelm-ii.jpg]<font size="14">Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia ca. 1792. Luise Wiedemann recounts in her memoirs: "My brother Dr. [Philipp] Michaelis ... immediately turned to Sophie Bethmann, who told him he should come to her garden the next morning, where the King of Prussia (who was courting her) would be coming as well. He [Philipp] was to bring along his petition and come up and hand it to her. She then passed it along to the king, and the following day she [Caroline] was free!!!! What [Professor A.L.] Schlözer was unable to bring about, the much feared and respected <a href="/dramatis-personae/persons-s/#SchlözerAugust">Schlözer</a>, was effected through but a single word by a beautiful young girl who despised the king and never accepted his advances."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/friedrich-wilhelm-ii.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_goschen-georg-joachim-1.jpg]<font size="16">Georg Joachim Göschen: Leipzig publisher who assisted Caroline during her pregnancy after her imprisonment. Caroline on 15 August 1793 from Lucka: "Göschen himself seems as upright as he is eager to help.... Through his mediation, I am now living in a small country town, as quiet as a cemetery, three miles from Leipzig in the Altenburg area, in the house of an elderly, unmarried, sickly physician who is allegedly quite skilled in the specialty in which I require his assistance."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/goschen-georg-joachim-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_goschen-henriette-nee-heun.jpg]<font size="15">Henriette Göschen, née Heun, in later years: wife of Georg Joachim Göschen in Leipzig, with whose family Caroline initially stayed in July 1793. Caroline writes in her first letter from Lucka in August 1793: "I, too, realized that because Göschen knew so much, and because he and his wife were in a position to guess so much, it would be much safer for me to confide in them. They have been so active on my behalf and have accepted me so warmly that I would be severely mistaken were it not <i>they </i>whom I should have to thank first and last."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/goschen-henriette-nee-heun.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-1793-by-f-a-tischbein.jpg]<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel: Caroline's second husband and one of the major figures of early German Romanticism. A suitor of Caroline during his time as a student in Göttingen, he later generously assisted her while she was imprisoned, even securing poison for her should she choose suicide rather than exposure as the mistress of a French officer. Madame de Staël would later comment on his expressive eyes.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/schlegel-wilhelm-1793-by-f-a-tischbein.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-by-caroline-rehberg-1790.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, ca. 1790 (portrait by Caroline Rehberg)<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel: Wilhelm's younger brother and one of the leading figures of early German Romanticism. Friedrich took care of many practical matters for Caroline while she was carrying her child to term in Lucka in 1793. This picture dates from approximately that period.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1792-1796/schlegel-friedrich-by-caroline-rehberg-1790.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena-from-the-southwest.jpg]Jena from the southwest<font size="16">Jena from the southwest. Caroline and Wilhelm Schlegel moved here in July 1796, and it was here, especially in 1799-1800, that the early Romantics were assembled in what might be understood more narrowly as a genuine "circle."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/jena-from-the-southwest.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena_1900.jpg]Jena ca. 1900 (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)<font size="16">Jena ca. 1900. Caroline writes a few days after her arrival in July 1796: "The fresh air dispelled my headache. Schlegel was afraid the rock cliffs at the entrance to the town might frighten me off. But I only paid attention to what is good and pleasant about the place and have already become quite good friends with this romantic valley."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/jena_1900.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_niethammer-friedrich-immanuel.jpg]Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer<font size="16">Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer: Jena professor and a Swabian countryman of Schelling. After initially living in provisional quarters in a garden house somewhere between the Löbder Gate and the Paradise greenspace, in October 1796 the Schlegels moved into the rear part of a house he owned (through marriage) in Jena, on Leutragasse. He would later be Schelling's colleague in Würzburg as well.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/niethammer-friedrich-immanuel.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5.jpg]](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/leutragasse-5.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena-stadtplan.jpg]Map of Jena in 1758 (Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Map of Jena in 1758: Caroline's residence at Leutragasse 5 (here called "Leutergasse"; the number 5 was assigned in 1887) is shown by the arrow. The house was built in the late 17th century and was the central gathering place for the Jena circle.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/jena-stadtplan.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-3.jpg]Courtyard of Caroline's Residence in Jena (postcard, private collection)<font size="16">Courtyard of Caroline's Residence in Jena at Leutragrasse 5, undated photo: This arched portal from Leutragasse can be seen in the earlier rear view of the house. Four of what were likely Caroline's five first-floor apartment windows (the first is hidden) are visible immediately to the left, just beyond the passageway.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-3.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hufeland-gottlieb.jpg]<font size="15">Gottlieb Hufeland, one of the editors of the <i>Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung</i>, with which the Jena circle eventually had irreconcilable differences. Initially the two families were good neighbors at Leutragasse 5. Caroline Tischbein writes in her memoirs: "The law professor <i>Hufeland</i> lived just across from them [Caroline and Wilhelm]—I believe their houses, separated by a courtyard, belonged together. Madam Hufeland was an extremely elegant, vivacious woman and, like her husband, close friends with the Schlegels."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/hufeland-gottlieb.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_paulus-heinrich-eberhard-gottlob-by-johann-heinrich-lips.jpg]Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus<font size="16">H. E. G. Paulus: Jena professor, initially a social acquaintance of the Schlegel's in Jena, later Schelling's colleague and nemesis in Würzburg. Friedrich and Wilhelm seem to have engaged in some serious flirtation with his wife, Karoline (described as "not exactly inaccessible"), and Caroline maliciously wonders whether the Pauluses' son, Wilhelm, born in 1802, had an apostle (Paulus) as his father, or an evangelist (A. F. Marcus), with the latter of whom she suspected Karoline Paulus of having had an affair. Wilhelm Schlegel married the Pauluses' daughter, Sophie, in 1818 but never lived with her.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/paulus-heinrich-eberhard-gottlob-by-johann-heinrich-lips.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_griesbach-house.jpg]Griesbach House in Jena<font size="16">House of the theologian Johann Jakob Griesbach, where Schiller lived 13 April 1795—3 Dezember 1799 (St. Michael's church in the left background). Caroline writes in July 1796, just after arriving in Jena: "We went to see the Schillers after our meal the day before yesterday, since it was no longer possible that same evening. Everything was just as I had imagined it would be—except that I found Schiller to be more handsome, and his little boy is marvelous. We were on our way to see them when someone met us with the news that she had just given birth to a second little boy fifteen minutes earlier."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/griesbach-house.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schiller.jpg]Friedrich Schiller<font size="16">Friedrich Schiller: Relations were initially quite cordial with Schiller. Caroline in July 1796: "Göthe fastened the final part of Wilhelm Meister behind him on his horse...brought the manuscript over here, and Schiller said yesterday that in the next few days he would invite us to a reading of it....It made me very glad indeed to see Göthe again, and to find him so gracious and charming at that."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/schiller.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schiller-charlotte_von_lengefeld.jpg]Charlotte Schiller, née von Lengefeld<font size="16">Charlotte von Schiller. She, too, was initially cordial. Caroline in July 1796: "Madam Schiller managed to get me a maidservant from Rudolstadt who was already here and who to this point seems extraordinarily accommodating and can also cook." Nonetheless, letters written to her later are a source of some of the most critical and malicious remarks directed against Caroline.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/schiller-charlotte_von_lengefeld.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_reichardt-johann-friedrich.jpg]Johann Friedrich Reichardt<font size="15">Composer and journalist, writes to Wilhelm in 1796: "We are both delighted to know that you, my valued, dear firend, are now in the womb of domestic bliss and that the addition of your excellent brother has rounded out the sacred number so nicely for you. Please do favor us quite soon by acquainting us with your charming wife so that this beautiful picture of harmonious love, friendship, and brotherly love may become wholly concrete for us."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/reichardt-johann-friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_weimar.jpg]Weimar (postcard: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv cc)<font size="16">Weimar: Caroline visited Weimar—ca. 20 km from Jena—on various occasions, dining with Goethe, attending the theater, the premiere of Schiller's plays, staying for several days for the guest performances of Friederike Unzelmann in September 1801, and overseeing Friedrich Tieck's work on the bust of Auguste after the latter's death. Schelling and both Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel also regularly sought Goethe's company in various literary and personal matters.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/weimar.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_goethe-johann-wolfgang-von.jpg]Johann Wolfgang von Goethe<font size="14">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: A close acquaintance of the Romantic circle in Jena, he regularly appears in Caroline's own letters and life from an extremely early period—when she swoons in anguish at having missed his visit in Göttingen—to his cordial visits in Jena, his friendship with Schelling, and his mediation in helping Caroline and Wilhelm secure a divorce, to mention but a few examples.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/goethe-johann-wolfgang-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_goethe-house-weimar.jpg]Goethe's House in Weimar (image: Goethezeitportal)<font size="16">Goethe's House in Weimar. Caroline in December 1796: "Goethe gave a most charming <i>diner, </i>very nice, without extravagance, serving everything himself, and so adroitly that he always found time in between to describe some beautiful picture or other for us in words (e.g., he described a picture by Fuessli from the <i>Midsummer Night’s Dream</i>...) or to make other pleasant remarks...he has organized his surroundings with precisely the same artistic sensibility he brings to everything—except his current love affair, if his connection with Mademoiselle Vulpius is to be called such."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/goethe-house-weimar.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_vulpius-christiane-1.jpg]Christiane von Goethe, née Vulpius<font size="16">Christiane von Goethe, née Vulpius: Goethe's mistress, whom he married in 1806. The Weimar court circles and society initially were very cool toward her as a commoner, and Caroline herself has some unkind remarks for her. Johanna Schopenhauer helped break her social isolation later by inviting her to tea at Goethe's request.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/vulpius-christiane-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_herder-johann-gottfried-ca-1785.jpg]Johann Gottfried Herder<font size="16">Johann Gottfried Herder: One of the most significant literary figures in Weimar during the period, and an early friend of Goethe. Caroline: "But the person who absolutely charmed me and almost made me fall in <i>love, </i>that would be Herder...His Courland accent is already enough to steal your heart, and then the simultaneous ease and dignity in his whole being, the witty grace in everything he says—and he says not a word that one is not glad to hear."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/herder-johann-gottfried-ca-1785.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_wieland-christoph-martin-1805-gem-by-f-c-c-jagemann.jpg]Christoph Martin Wieland<font size="16">Christoph Martin Wieland, with whose work <i>(Oberon) </i>Caroline was already infatuated as a teenager; she writes in 1796: "We went there for tea, to which Wieland had also been summoned and whom I allegedly encountered in an <i>extraordinarily </i>good mood, and indeed, he came up with some very funny remarks, grumbling on about, among other things, <i>pigs, </i>for whose creation he simply could <i>never </i>forgive our dear Lord—and which in a severe fit of displeasure he called <i>anti-graces.</i>"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/wieland-christoph-martin-1805-gem-by-f-c-c-jagemann.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bottiger-karl-august-by-jfa-tischbein.jpg]Karl August Böttiger, by J.F.A. Tischbein<font size="15">K. A. Böttiger: Weimar literary figure, writes to Wilhelm in 1797 about Caroline's siding with Wieland in a skirmish involving Schiller and Goethe's <i>Xenien </i>satire: "I could not bring myself to deprive our good Father Wieland of the pleasure your spouse's approval could not but give him. I related to him yesterday what you had remarked to me concerning his reviews of the <i>Musenalmanach, </i>and he said that the nod of <i>her </i>head was worth more to him than the natterings of the entire herd of authors grazing in the common literary pasturage."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1800/bottiger-karl-august-by-jfa-tischbein.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schleiermacher-fde.jpg]Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher<font size="15">F. D. E. Schleiermacher: Berlin theologian with whom Friedrich Schlegel lived beginning in late 1797. Wilhelm Schlegel writes to him in January 1798: "Your letter would have been a total delight for me had it not so vividly aroused my concern that you are spoiling my brother in a rather <i>unseemly </i>fashion. How else could he have come upon the idea of engaging in his service a pen that is so <i>considerably </i>more witty and intelligent than his own? "</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/schleiermacher-fde.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_nicolai-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Nicolai<font size="15">Friedrich Nicolai: Berlin publisher whom Caroline met in 1781 when he dined with her family but who later delighted in vexing not only the Jena Romantics, but also Schiller and Goethe. Friedrich writes to Auguste in 1798 from Berlin: "Nicolai, who among other things engaged in a rather comical campaign against my brother and me in the preface to his philosophical dialogues, immediately invited us to a <i>grand </i>evening dinner after we had jokingly made gestures of coming to visit him. His books must indeed cost him a <i>great </i>deal of money in this way."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/nicolai-friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-4-march-1798.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, 4 March 1798<font size="15">Friedrich Schlegel. He writes to Auguste in March 1798 from Berlin: "Listen, I had a bit of an argument with your mother in my last letter to her. But if you notice that she is once again more amiably disposed toward me, give her my warmest regards and tell her that I <i>really </i>am dreadfully fond of her."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/schlegel-friedrich-4-march-1798.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_jean-paul-by-heinrich-pfenninger-1798.jpg]Jean Paul (Friedrich Richter)<font size="15">Jean Paul: The prolific writer who was initially a target of the Jena circle. In June 1798 he refers to Caroline as "Schlegel’s highly original wife, who was Custine’s spouse and is Böhmer’s daughter[!]," and in August 1798 as an "energetic" woman with whom he "spent an entire <i>souper</i> quarreling in Dresden."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/jean-paul-by-heinrich-pfenninger-1798.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_jacobi-fh.jpg]Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi<font size="15">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi: The initiator of the "pantheism dispute" involving Lessing's alleged turn to pantheism and Spinozism late in life. Friedrich writes to Caroline in 1798: "My eternal opinion is now that Jacobi has cultivated the element of softness to the point of artificiality, is vain with regard to his <i>own </i>vanity, moreover vain to the <i>thousandth </i>particle precisely <i>about </i>being vain."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/jacobi-fh.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_dresden-gallery.jpg]Dresden Gallery<font size="16">The art gallery in Dresden: Caroline and Auguste were in Dresden from the spring to the autumn of 1798. That summer, many of the later members of the Jena circle arrived as well, including Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel, Dorothea Veit, Fichte, Novalis, and J. D. Gries. In a letter to Charlotte von Schiller, Dora Stock indignantly complained that "they essentially just took over the gallery and then spent almost every morning there with Schelling and Gries."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/dresden-gallery.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_uttewalder_grund_2009-veit-schagow.jpg]<font size="15">Uttewalder Grund in Saxon Switzerland, just southeast of Dresden (2009 photo and kind permission by <u><a target="data" href="http://www.schagow.com ">Veit Schagow</a></u>). Here a natural formation in the form of a rock gateway popular among visitors and artists, including Caspar David Friedrich (see next image in gallery). Caroline and Wilhelm seem to have made a day excursion to this locale with Rahel Levin, who was visiting Dresden at the time from Berlin. Friedrich Schlegel writes to Henriette Herz on 24 August 1798 from Dresden: "Mademoiselle Levi is currently here and traveled out to the Uckewalder [sic] Grund today with Wilhelm and Caroline."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/uttewalder_grund_2009-veit-schagow.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_uttewalder-grund-cdfriedrich.jpg]<font size="15">Uttewalder Grund, pencil/sepia drawing dated 28 August 1801 by Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840), who was active in Dresden beginning in 1798 and once spent an entire week alone in the forest of Saxon Switzerland. The area also inspired other romantic artists, e.g., the painter Ludwig Richter and the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his opera <i>Der Freischütz </i> near the Uttewalder Grund.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/uttewalder-grund-cdfriedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-friedrich-by-friedrich-tieck-1801.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1801<font size="16">F. W. J. Schelling, 1801, by Friedrich Tieck: Schelling arrived in Jena in 1798 after spending part of the summer in Dresden with members of the circle. Not always an easy personality, as amply attested by his letters to both friends and enemies especially after leaving Jena, he was nonetheless the great love of Caroline's life.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/schelling-friedrich-by-friedrich-tieck-1801.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_fichte-johann-gottlieb-1.jpg]Johann Gottlieb Fichte<font size="16">Johann Gottlieb Fichte: The philosopher writes to his wife in October 1799 from Berlin: "As far as Schelling and Madam Schlegel are concerned, be <i>extremely careful and on your guard!...</i>Schelling is making a bad name for himself, and that makes me very sorry. If I were present in Jena myself, I would warn him....Why does the <i>husband </i>not put an end to all this?"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/fichte-johann-gottlieb-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_fichte-house-in-jena.jpg]Fichte's House in Jena today (Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Fichte's house in Jena today: Often also called the "Romantikerhaus," though it was actually Fichte's residence from 1794. Today it houses the Museum of the Romantics.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/fichte-house-in-jena.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-family.jpg]<font size="14">J.F.A. Tischbein and his family. Tischbein did the famous portraits of Caroline and Auguste; his wife, Sophie, was likely the "Amsterdam beauty" with whom Wilhelm Schlegel was infatuated. The family spent several weeks in Weimar and Jena in the spring of 1798. Caroline in 1795: "He is an excellent portraitist—I have seen paintings by him and was enraptured by the softness of his brush. She sings excellently and is allegedly otherwise quite charming as well, <i>assuming </i>I can trust what a common friend has told me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/tischbein-family.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-caroline.jpg]<font size="15">Caroline Tischbein, eldest daughter of J.F.A. Tischbein. She writes later in her memoirs: "I recall one evening after a modest ball at the Schlegels', after all the guests had departed and I happened to return to the hall to fetch something, Schlegel and his wife walked in together in considerable agitation. He was weeping, she looking extremely resolute and flushed. I quickly saw what was happening and related it to my mother. "They probably had an argument," my mother said casually, so I did not think about it further."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/tischbein-caroline.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_tischbein-betty-1805.jpg]<font size="15">Betty Tischbein, youngest daughter of J.F.A. Tischbein. Her sister, Caroline, describes their departure from Jena (she conflates some events later in her memoirs): "Without quite being able to put our finger on it, the longer we stayed the more obvious it became that something was amiss in Schlegel's relationship with his wife. He was noticeably ill-humored, and she treated him with frosty disdain. Auguste and I had a painful time saying goodbye...Auguste dissolved in tears and absolutely did not want to let go of Betty and me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/tischbein-betty-1805.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-ca-1800.jpg]Weimar Theater ca. 1800<font size="16">Weimar Theater, ca. 1800. Caroline writes concerning its renovation before the premiere of Schiller's <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>on 12 October 1798: "He [Goethe] has completely remodeled the Weimar theater on the inside and turned it into an inviting, sparkling fairy palace. I was astonishingly well pleased with it...The illumination is extremely nice, coming from a broad garland of English lamps hovering in a small cupola through which the building’s haze also escapes."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/weimar-theater-ca-1800.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-stage-pre-1907.jpg]Weimar Theater Stage (pre-1907)<font size="16">Weimar Theater view of stage (prior to 1907). Caroline writes about the premiere of <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>in October 1798: "Then the actors also had to be oriented so they could properly perform the prologue, in which they found everything strange and unprecedented. It depicts Wallenstein’s camp, as you know, and is composed in rhymes in the style of Hans Sachs, full of life, energy, the spirit of the age, and imaginative ideas....Nor were Göthe’s efforts in vain; the company performed excellently, it was the most consummate ensemble, with not a trace of disorganization amid the tumult. Visually, as well, it came across most superbly."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/weimar-theater-stage-pre-1907.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_weimar-theater-spectator-area-pre-1907.jpg]Weimar Theater Spectator Area (pre-1907)<font size="16">Weimar Theater, spectator area (prior to 1907). Caroline writes about the theater renovation and about activities following the premiere of Schiller's <i>Wallenstein's Camp </i>on 12 October 1798: "An architect and decorator from Studtgart was engaged for the task, and within 13 weeks columns, galleries, balconies, and curtains were constructed and all sorts of things adorned, painted, and gilded, but genuinely with taste....After the performance, Fichte forced 4 glasses of champagne on me; I must not forget to report <i>that </i>to you."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/weimar-theater-spectator-area-pre-1907.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/thumbs/thumbs_triesnitz.jpg]Triesnitz (Trießnitz, Driesnitz), south of Jena (Jena Stadtmuseum)<font size="16">Trießnitz, originally a rural area on the southern edge of Winzerla, southwest of Jena proper, and in the eighteenth century a popular excursion locale for "academic Jena." Wilhelm Schlegel writes to J. D. Gries in May 1799: "Yesterday Stakelberg gave a grand, well-attended <i>diné </i>on the Driesnitz, which was very nice indeed––as it were, the first spring excursion. All sorts of people gathered together there, the Hufelands, Pauluses, Loders, Fichtes, Frommanns, and––Kotzebues! I have now both seen and spoken with this wooden idol, who appears inestimably common, lame, and Philistine."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1796-1797/triesnitz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-by-gareis.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel, 1799<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel in 1799: In early September 1799 he arrived back in Jena—before Dorothea—and took up residence with Caroline and Wilhelm Schlegel in their house on Leutragasse. Problems quickly emerged when he and Dorothea noticed Caroline's interest in Schelling.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/schlegel-friedrich-by-gareis.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea.jpg]Dorothea Veit (drawing by Philipp Veit)<font size="16">Dorothea Veit. Caroline writes to Auguste after Dorothea's arrival on 6 October 1799: "She does not seem pretty to me; her eyes are large and glowing, but the lower part of her face is too slack, too pronounced. She is no taller than I am, perhaps a bit broader. Her voice is the gentlest, most feminine thing about her. That I will grow fond of her I do not doubt for a moment."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/veit-dorothea.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-philipp_0.jpg]<font size="15">Philipp Veit, self-portrait during a later period. Caroline continues in her letter on 6 October 1799 to Auguste after Dorothea and Philipp's arrival in Jena (Dorothea's son Johannes remained in Berlin with his father): "And you have no need to fear the little boy any longer, <i>c’est un joli petit espiègle </i>who will give you loads of fun; indeed, I have already become great friends with him. He is small and supple like a <i>page; </i>we will want to put your livery on him."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/veit-philipp_0.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_jena_paradies_1900.jpg]Jena, Paradise (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)<font size="16">Jena: "Paradise" ca. 1900: Dorothea in a letter to Schleiermacher in November 1799: "Yesterday afternoon I was in Paradise (that's what they call a certain promenade here) with the Schlegels, Caroline, Schelling, Hardenberg, and one of his brothers...and who should suddenly appear coming down the hill? none other than his old Divine Excellency, <i>Goethe </i> himself...Wilhelm introduces me to him, he pays me a very nice compliment...and is cordial and charming, and all ease and attentiveness toward his devoted lady servant...But since Wilhelm could not really get any conversation going, I thought to myself: well the <i>devil </i>take modesty, if he is bored then I have irrevocably lost my opportunity! So I immediately asked him something about the rushing currents in the Saale River, he responded with an explanation, and thus we continued on in a lively manner."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/jena_paradies_1900.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea-1798.jpg]Dorothea Veit in 1798<font size="16">Dorothea Veit: Auguste, in Dessau at the time, writes to a friend in November 1799: "You probably already know from my mother what pleasant company we have had in Jena this winter. First, Fritz is there from Berlin, and then a lady from Berlin, Madam Veit, is living downstairs in our house; I have not met her yet, but Mother writes that she is quite amiable."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/veit-dorothea-1798.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_herz-henriette-by-anton-graff-1792.jpg]Henriette Herz<font size="16">Henriette Herz: The Berlin salonnière in whose literary circle Friedrich and Dorothea met. Though Caroline did not know her, Dorothea mentions her often in her own letters, and Henriette's memoirs offer interesting insights about Dorothea.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/herz-henriette-by-anton-graff-1792.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_levin-rahel.jpg]Rahel Levin<font size="14">Rahel Levin: The Berlin salonnière. Dorothea's letters to her provide considerable, often detailed information about the Jena circle, though also often less than complementary: "You think Caroline Schlegel is not hard? Well, you are wrong, even had you never been wrong before. Hard, hard as stone; we—you and I, my love—are soft as silk compared to Caroline!"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/levin-rahel.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-ludwig-by-joseph-karl-stieler.jpg]Ludwig Tieck<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck: Though he did not publish anything in the periodical <i>Athenaeum</i>, he was nonetheless part of the early Romantic circle proper, living in Jena during the winter of 1799-1800 with his wife, Amalie. "Malchen" does, however, come in for some rather unkind criticism by others in the group, apparently including Tieck himself.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/tieck-ludwig-by-joseph-karl-stieler.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-der-gestiefelte-kater.jpg]Ludwig Tieck's Puss 'n Boots<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck's Puss 'n Boots: In 1797 Tieck published a boisterously humorous fairy tale in burlesque dramatic form based on the figure of Puss 'n Boots. Once when Tieck entered the room, Auguste quipped: "What? You come in through the <i>door</i>? I would sooner expect you to come striding in like your <i>cat, </i>across the <i>rooftops</i>."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/tieck-der-gestiefelte-kater.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_frommann-carl-friedrich-ernst-frommann.jpg]<font size="16">Carl Friedrich Ernst Frommann: Jena publisher with whom the Jena Romantic circle had extensive contacts, both business and social, though he did become impatient with Friedrich Schlegel's inertia. Caroline to Wilhelm in 1802: "By contrast, the Frommanns cannot praise you enough; really, at this point you could do whatever you wanted, indeed whatever you were capable of, and you would still be viewed as a jewel of uprightness, as also Schelling."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/frommann-carl-friedrich-ernst-frommann.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_frommannsches-haus-1970.jpg]Frommann House, 1970 (Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">House of the Jena publisher Friedrich Frommann, ca. 1970, a central gathering place for virtually everyone associated with the literary scene in Jena and Weimar. Johanna Frommann writes about the Battle of Jena in 1806: "But my God, what a sight it was, seeing all those sweet children, huddling close together, trembling, sitting at the table in our parlor. The fire had already reached the houses diagonally across from the Seebecks. But now everyone ran forth, Buot, his people, all the officers of Oudinot who were here, Seebeck, Hegel (who was also staying with us...) to save what they could from Seebeck's house." One of the things Hegel saved during the battle was the manuscript of his <i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i>.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/frommannsches-haus-1970.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hardenberg-friedrich-von-by-franz_gareis-ca-1799.jpg]Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis)<font size="16">Friedrich von Hardenberg: The writer Novalis, one of the most signfiicant members of the Jena circle. He and Caroline never quite warmed up to each other, and his later opinion of her was shaped not inconsiderably by Friedrich Schlegel's ire. Friedrich provides a moving description of his death in Weissenfels in 1801, and Caroline writes—still grieving for Auguste: "So, Hardenberg is now at peace, whither my own soul would so like to journey. He is very fortunate; but poor Julie [von Charpentier, his fiancée]."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/hardenberg-friedrich-von-by-franz_gareis-ca-1799.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_stark-johann-christian.jpg]Johann Christian Stark<font size="16">Johann Christian Stark: Prominent physician in Jena, personal physician of the ducal family in Weimar, of Schiller and Goethe, and also treated Friedrich von Hardenberg (Novalis) and his fiancée Sophie von Kühn. Caroline recommended Stark to Hardenberg to treat his second fiancée, Julie von Charpentier.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/stark-johann-christian.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_ritter-johann-wilhelm-1.jpg]Johann Wilhelm Ritter<font size="16">Johann Wilhelm Ritter: In some ways the mad scientist of the Jena circle and the source of some of the most interesting if bizarre events and material associated with the group, including investigations of such phenomena as dowsers. Caroline to Novalis in 1799: "What can I tell to you about Ritter? He is living in Belvedere and is always sending <i>frogs </i>over here, of which there is a surplus there and a lack here."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/ritter-johann-wilhelm-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_steffens-henrik-3.jpg]Henrik Steffens<font size="16">Henrik Steffens: The Norwegian was another of the scientists associated with the Jena circle—if less bizarre than Ritter—and a lifelong admirer of Schelling. There is some evidence that he was amorously interested in Auguste. He was in any case almost speechless with grief after her death.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/steffens-henrik-3.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_vieweg-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Vieweg<font size="16" color="FFCC66">Friedrich Vieweg: Berlin publisher of the first two issues of Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel's periodical <i>Athenaeum</i> (1798). He quickly soured on the periodical's lack of commercial success, however, and even after squirming out of the original contract regarding honorarium was disinclined to continue publication.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/vieweg-friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_hufeland-christoph-wilhelm.jpg]Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland<font size="16">Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland: Jena physician, attended the Duke of Weimar, Goethe, Schiller, Wieland, Herder, and also Caroline during her intense bout of "nerve fever" in the spring of 1800.<font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/hufeland-christoph-wilhelm.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_schadow-johann-gottfried.jpg]Johann Gottfried Schadow<font size="16">Johann Gottfried Schadow: The prominent Berlin sculptor and artist who, though consulted on Auguste's monument, eventually came into conflict with the emergent Romantic movement in the arts as represented not least by his own pupils, including Friedrich Tieck. Object of some of Wilhelm Schlegel's critical needling.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/schadow-johann-gottfried.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_seidler-luise-selbstbildnis.jpg]Luise Seidler, self-portrait<font size="16">Louise Seidler, self-portrait: Later an artist of some note, she recounts vignettes of her confirmation instruction with Auguste in Jena: "I fell flat onto the ice, tall and gangly, with my Bible, hymnal, and catechism books flying everywhere." Her letters and memoirs are also otherwise an important source of information about life in Jena at the time.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/seidler-luise-selbstbildnis.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bamberg.jpg]Bamberg (postcard: ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv cc)<font size="16">Bamberg, in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz: Caroline, Auguste, and Schelling spent several weeks here in May and June 1800 before Caroline and Auguste continued on to nearby Bad Bocklet, where Auguste died on 12 July 1800. Wilhelm Schlegel arrived shortly after her death and remained in Bamberg with Caroline and Schelling during that late summer and early fall.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/bamberg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet-2.jpg]Bad Bocklet, contemporary photo<font size="16">Bad Bocklet on the Franconian Saale River, where Auguste died on 12 July 1800 and is buried. Wilhelm writes a second time to J.D. Gries on 7 July 1800 to explain the name: "I am so sorry, my dear friend, for causing your divinatory acumen to be so laboriously and moroever also so futilely taxed. It was, however, no doubt less a matter of my own handwriting than that you simply did not want to believe that the name of the locale really was exactly as you read it, and then also a problem with your geographical, statistical, and topographical books, which contained no reference to it. Said mineral spring and spa resort is called Bocklet, written <b>Bocklet</b>, βοκλετ, and is located near Schweinfurt in Franconia, which you will want to add to the address if, for example, you are writing to Caroline. She will be staying there until toward the end of July, and has described the setting and surrounding area there as being quite pleasant."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/bad-bocklet-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet.jpg]Bad Bocklet<font size="16">Church of St. Laurent in Bad Bocklet, where Auguste is buried. Wilhelm Schlegel: "I recently made my first pilgrimage to her grave. It is located ... in a narrow, enclosed, cheerful valley that gives no hint of graves; she lies in a narrow and poor village cemetery, which is, however, situated out in the open and from which one can look out onto the beautiful valley."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1799-1800/bad-bocklet.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-1.jpg]Söder Castle, photo from 16 May 1922 (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)<font size="16">Söder Castle near Hildesheim, front view, housing the extraordinary art collection of the estate's owner, Moritz von Brabeck. Wilhelm and Caroline were guests in October 1800. Caroline writes: "In response to word from Schlegel, I did not travel to Söder until Sunday [19 October]. Wiedemann accompanied me, it's 30 or 40 kilometers from here [Braunschweig]; we arrived that afternoon at 5:00 and found Schlegel already there in the inn, where I also got off but where Brabeck had left instructions that he be alerted as soon as I arrived, since he was expecting me earlier than Schlegel. He also immediately sent his carriage for us and then received us at the entrance to his fairy castle, where we spent the evening chatting because it was already too dark for viewing."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_brabeck-friedrich-moritz-von.jpg]<font size="16">Friedrich Moritz von Brabeck, estate owner of Söder castle. Caroline writes: "The house has been furnished with virtually pristine taste and provides a serene disposition, as it were, for the jewels of art he possesses. We spent our time there as if in a fairy castle, and as if removed from the world of pain in which I now have my home."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/brabeck-friedrich-moritz-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-rear.jpg]Söder Castle, rear view (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)<font size="16">Söder Castle in an early photo, rear view. Caroline: Brabeck "would not allow us to return to the inn, and instead we were given magnificent accommodations there...they took great pains in providing for my health with Madeira and Alicante and such, for on that first evening I was extremely weak and almost feared my whole trip would be ruined; a good night’s sleep, however, restored me completely, and the next morning I was able to behold all the splendors there with completely clear eyes."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-rear.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_brabeck-moritz-von.jpg]Moritz von Brabeck<font size="16">Moritz von Brabeck: Caroline: "There is, by the way, absolutely nothing ostentatious about him; it is simply an unbridled joy in his own creations. Nor is he really affected by the pride of nobility; he is merely concerned with touching deeply those who do indeed have a sensibility for such things."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/brabeck-moritz-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-hall-arrangement.jpg]Söder Castle Salon Arrangements<font size="16">Söder Castle salon arrangements according to the 1808 catalog Count von Brabeck published when putting the collection up for sale. Caroline comments: "His paintings are organized according to objects, that is, all landscapes, portraits, and historical compositions have been put in specific rooms, something which at least to me seemed quite appropriate and instructive for a gallery no larger than this one."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-hall-arrangement.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-d.jpg]<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon D: Landscapes (1808 catalog). Caroline remarks concerning the landscapes: "The landscapes include 5 <i>Ruisdaels </i>of the rarest beauty, several <i>Salvators, </i>to which I felt drawn just as I did to the one in Dresden, also <i>Vernets </i>I have never seen." The three pieces by Jacob van Ruisdael on this wall in salon D were: 22. <i>Avec ruines</i> — 27. <i>Champ de blé</i> — 31. <i>Bois</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-salon-d.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-d2.jpg]<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon D: Landscapes 2 (1808 catalog). It seems that by 1808 there were in fact seven landscapes by Jacob van Ruisdael and one by Salomon van Ruisdael in salon D. Three additional ones by Jacob van Ruisdael (+ one on another wall in Salon D not shown here) include: 8., 9. <i> Chutes d'eau</i> — 14. <i>Ruisseau ruisseant dans bois sombre</i> and by Salomon van Ruisdael: 11. <i>Figures près d'un village</i> Caroline also mentions "several Salvators, to which I felt drawn just as I did to the one in Dresden, also Vernets I had never seen"; here by Salvatore Rosa: 2. <i>St. François méditant</i> — 3. <i>St. Pierre effrayé au chant du coq</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-salon-d2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-b.jpg]<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon B: cabinet pieces. Caroline writes: "Then he also owns two cabinet pieces, a Raphael—a small picture in which Simon is looking at the baby Jesus in the arms of his mother—and a Coreggio—the mother with the child, the latter of whom, beautifully abbreviated and acquiescent, fidgets on her lap...The Coreggio is unbelievably beautiful, so much so that one wishes to see it again and again." The Corregio listed here is: 26. <i>Madonne avec l'Enfant</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-salon-b.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-b2.jpg]<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon B: cabinet pieces 2. Caroline writes: "...a Raphael—a small picture in which Simon is looking at the baby Jesus in the arms of his mother...you can recognize in the child, as if in <i>embryo </i>form, the divine grandeur of the child in the Dresden painting [Raphael's <i>Sistine Madonna</i>]. This child has at least convinced me that the picture is by Raphael, something that as a matter of fact connoisseurs, too, do not doubt...the Raphael immediately enters, abidingly, into one’s soul like an eternal treasure." The Raphael piece on this wall in Salon B is: 66. <i>Adoration de l'enfant par Siméon</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-salon-b2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-salon-h.jpg]<font size="16">Söder Castle Salon H: varied genres. Among the landscapes, Caroline mentions "<i>Vernets </i>I have never seen." The Vernets on display in this salon (separate from the landscape salon proper, salon D) include: 6., 7. <i>Paisages </i> [7.] <i>avec couchant </i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-salon-h.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/thumbs/thumbs_soder-2.jpg]Söder Castle, photo from 16 May 1922 (by permission ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv)<font size="16">Söder Castle photo from 16 May 1922, front view. Caroline: Brabeck "did not leave us for a moment; every painting was taken down from the wall and put on an easel, he himself brought them over, and you can imagine how magnificent a view of everything I had, since they would not <i>think </i>of not providing a chair for me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/soder-castle/soder-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_roschlaub-andreas-by-ferdinand-piloty-d-a.jpg]Andreas Röschlaub<font size="16">Andreas Röschlaub: A Bamberg physician and resolute advocate of the Brownian method of healing, he translated many of John Brown's medical works into German. Plays a significant role in Caroline's time in Bamberg, in Auguste's death and the ensuing controversy, and later in correspondence with Schelling.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/roschlaub-andreas-by-ferdinand-piloty-d-a.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_marcus-adalbert-friedrich.jpg]Adalbert Friedrich Marcus<font size="16>Adalbert Friedrich Marcus: Bamberg physician, follower of John Brown's theories of healing, close acquaintance of Caroline and Schelling, provided a supporting affidavit in 1802 in the scandal involving Auguste's death. His intimacy with Karoline Paulus, however, prompted some duplicitous behavior toward Caroline.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/marcus-adalbert-friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_braunschweig-1879.jpg]Braunschweig 1879, by Franz Alt<font size="16">Braunschweig 1879, by Franz Alt: Caroline and Wilhelm traveled here from Bamberg in October 1800 after Auguste's death to live with Caroline's sister, Luise. Before leaving for Berlin in February, however, Wilhelm apparently saw more of Elisa van Nuys than Caroline wished. Caroline: "<i>Madame de Nuys</i> had her portrait done by Anetti, but no one knows what happened to the picture. Some think <i>you </i>took it with you. Is that true?"<font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/braunschweig-1879.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_lw.jpg]Luise Wiedemann (Otto Cramer Family Archives)<font size="15">Luise Wiedemann, Caroline's younger sister, whose own child's death Caroline witnessed in March 1801: "I have again suffered a violent blow...It was almost more than I could bear, being reminded in this way, and having to see all the pain. Yesterday morning it was 8 days since I took the beautiful, precious child from its mother...and could hardly keep it in my arms it was so lively. Half an hour later, it was taken to its room, howling, and then not brought out again until it had slumbered into death."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/lw.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bandemer-susanne-von.jpg]<font size="15">The poetess Susanne von Bandemer. Caroline writes: "An innocent little pastor’s daughter from the city came with the permission of Madam de Sierstorf so that she, too, might make the acquaintance of <i>Madam Susanne. </i>Ah, but she had heard <i>so </i>much about her, since her uncle allegedly <i>also </i>ate with her in the <i>Blue Angel, </i>where they really <i>did </i>spend such <i>magnificent </i>evenings, and Mademoiselle Kirchgeßner was there and the harmony of the spheres and all of them allegedly just <i>so </i>blissfully blissful there etc. Just try to imagine all this wretched stuff."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/bandemer-susanne-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_voss-johann-heinrich_0.jpg]Johann Heinrich Voss<font size="16">Johann Heinrich Voss: Excellent translator of Homer who nonetheless endured some rather unkind criticism by the Romantics, though Wilhelm Schlegel would later retract his youthful critique. Appears variously throughout this correspondence.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/voss-johann-heinrich_0.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_merkel-garlieb.jpg]<font size="16">Garlieb Merkel: Berlin publicist of Baltic origins and also a resolute, ubiquitous, and sometimes malicious opponent of the Jena Romantics, though the latter nonetheless delighted in needling him. Wilhelm: "Do you confuse great terza rima / with a modest triolet? / Aye, aye, and with such countenance of connoisseur!"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/merkel-garlieb.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_iffland-a-w.jpg]August Wilhelm Iffland<font size="16">August Wilhelm Iffland: Famous and prolific actor and playwright and resolute opponent of the Jena Romantics. He will appear with alarming frequency in this correspondence especially after 1800.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/iffland-a-w.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/thumbs/thumbs_hamburg.jpg]Hamburg on the Elbe River in the 17th Century (SUB Hamburg)<font size="16">Hamburg on the Elbe River in the 17th Century: Caroline visited her brother in Harburg, just south of Hamburg. She writes in April 1801: "I became seasick from the monotony of the heath and sky, which is the same from Braunschweig all the way here, a single 135 km stretch, nothing but scraggy, brown heath, sand, stunted trees covered with moss and mold...Here, too, the shoreline is anything but beautiful, and the view of Hamburg exists really only as an idea. I will see it up close the day after tomorrow...If I <i>drown </i>in the Elbe tomorrow, remember that today I sensed it would happen."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1800-1809/hamburg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-friedrich-self-portrait.jpg]<font size="16">Friedrich Tieck, self-portrait: Ludwig's brother; a sculptor and artist, did the portrait of Schelling above, also drafts and sketches for Auguste's monument and a bust of Auguste herself. Caroline met him in late 1801 in Jena after her return from Braunschweig: "When he left us, he went on foot...walked up the military road, in his shabby coat...with a staff, and nothing in his pocket but a roll of paper hanging out quite long, and he quite thin, <i>very</i> thin, with his blond hair blowing about his face."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/tieck-friedrich-self-portrait.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-sophie-and-ludwig.jpg]Sophie and Ludwig Tieck in 1796 (relief by Friedrich Tieck)<font size="16">Sophie and Ludwig Tieck in 1796. Sophie, unhappily married, contributed to the periodical <i>Athenaeum </i>and also had a serious affair with Wilhelm Schlegel in Berlin. Their extensive and revealing correspondence from 1801 is included. Sophie in August 1801, just after Wilhelm had returned to Jena for several months: "I myself did not really believe how completely I belong to you; all my thoughts focus involuntarily on you, and I am being devoured by the ardent yearning to see you again; whenever someone opens the door, I am immediately convinced that it <i>must </i>be you who walks into the room—and I cannot conceal my pain when it does not happen."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/tieck-sophie-and-ludwig.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_schleiermacher-friedrich-daniel-ernst.jpg]Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher<font size="15">Schleiermacher writes to his sister in late 1801 about Wilhelm Schlegel, not knowing about Wilhelm's affair with Sophie Bernhardi: "I do not know if I already wrote you about the awkward and regrettable relationship he now has with his wife, who is rewarding him for the great respect he has demonstrated toward her, and for his more than fatherly tenderness and love toward her daughter from her first marriage, with unfaithfulness that she is not even bothering to conceal or deny."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/schleiermacher-friedrich-daniel-ernst.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_unger-friederike-helene-by-schadow-um-1802.jpg]Friederike Helene Unger<font size="16">Friedrike Helene Unger; sketch by J. G. Schadow: Successful writer and wife of the Berlin publisher Unger. Took over the company after his death. Possibly the object of Friedrich Schlegel's (unsuccessful?) amorous intentions.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/unger-friederike-helene-by-schadow-um-1802.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-by-moritz-retzsch.jpg]Friederike Unzelmann, by Moritz Retzsch; Frankfurt Goethe Museum<font size="16">Friederike Unzelmann: "Unzeline" or the "little fairy sprite" to Caroline. One of the most celebrated actresses of the time, and an intimate friend of Wilhelm Schlegel, perhaps a bit too intimate for Caroline, though she never perceived Unzeline as a real threat as she did Elisa van Nuys. Several of her letters are included. On 21 September 1801, Caroline saw her perform the lead role in Schiller's <i>Maria Stuart </i>in Weimar.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/unzelmann-friederike-by-moritz-retzsch.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_ion-friedrich-tiecks-illustrations.jpg]Friedrich Tieck's Costume Illustrations for Ion<font size="16">Friedrich Tieck's costume illustrations for Wilhelm Schlegel's play <i>Ion</i>, which premiered in Weimar on 2 January 1802. From left to right: Pythia, Xuthus, Ion, Creusa, Phorbas.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/ion-friedrich-tiecks-illustrations.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_jagemann-karoline-as-ion-ca-1803-by-jwc-roux.jpg]<font size="15">The actress Caroline Jagemann as Ion. Caroline writes of the 1802 premiere: "There cannot possibly be a more splendid Ion...When the curtain rose and the radiant scenery came into view, with her greeting the morning as it bathed the peak of Mount Parnassus in red, it was as if a fresh breeze had come over us, and when after completing her ceremonious task she reached for her light weapons, her voice took on such a beautiful lilt, truly like that of a golden bow, that the entire audience seemed instantly captivated, and the initial words of Pythia were lost amid applause."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/jagemann-karoline-as-ion-ca-1803-by-jwc-roux.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_vieweg-charlotte-nee-campe.jpg]<font size="15">Charlotte Vieweg, wife J.F. Vieweg, publisher of the final <i>Athenaeum </i>issues. Caroline writes in January 1802 concerning her own anticipated trip to Berlin to visit Wilhelm Schlegel (during the visit, they decided to seek a divorce): "Madam Vieweg recently expressed the following opinion. She interrogated Luise [Caroline's sister in Braunschweig] about where I would be residing and where you were currently residing. Luise told her what she knew, namely, that the Grattenauers had offered a room etc. "<i>So? </i>Not together? The Berliners will certainly have a lot to say about <i>that.</i>"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/vieweg-charlotte-nee-campe.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_feuerbach-anselm-von.jpg]<font size="14">Anselm von Feuerbach, law professor in Jena, writes to his father in January 1802 about Wilhelm and Caroline: "His domestic situation is peculiar and yet not peculiar, depending on how one understands the relationship. His wife, an extremely cultured and erudite lady, is living here; he himself is usually in Berlin, where he is currently giving lectures on aesthetics to handsome ladies and gentlemen. He occasionally pays a visit to his wife, though by "wife" nothing more is meant than a female person whose hand a cleric put into Schlegel's own and who bears his name. As is universally known, Professor Schelling, the idealist, possesses and exercises the <i>real </i>marital rights."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/feuerbach-anselm-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_berlin-gendarmenmarkt-ca-1815.jpg]Berlin Gendarmenmarkt ca. 1815 (water color by Friedrich August Calau)<font size="16">Berlin Gendarmenmarkt ca. 1820. Caroline visited Wilhelm Schlegel here in the spring of 1802. An otherwise unclear incident occurred worsening their already strained relationship, and they decided to seek a divorce. Caroline to Julie Gotter in April 1802: "The daring deed of my coming here has almost been too much for me, and I now so yearn for my quiet existence again...Let me confirm in a general way that I do indeed have many distractions here, as one puts it, but it is not really expedient now to go into detail. We have already had much fun; among other things, [Garlieb] Merkel sat next to me at a <i>souper </i>and flirted with me. Otherwise Berlin wholly displeases me."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/berlin-gendarmenmarkt-ca-1815.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-exterior-pre-1905.jpg]Lauchstädt Theater Exterior pre-1905 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)<font size="16">Exterior of the theater in Lauchstädt prior to 1905. Eduard Genast describes the reopening in the summer of 1802, when Caroline and Schelling attended several performances in the renovated theater: "Unfortunately, the building could not hold the large number of spectators, and the external doors had to be opened, so powerful was the crush of the crowd. Although the poor people who managed to get a place there could admittedly not see a thing, they could, however, hear everything, since the walls of the theater were so thin that one could hear every word spoken on stage, and even those outside could understand what was being said. Lest anyone <i>inappropriate </i>join those outside, twenty Saxon dragoons from nearby Schaafstedt were summoned by the authorities to surround the theater with drawn swords."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/lauchstadt-theater-exterior-pre-1905.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-interior-1802.jpg]Lauchstädt Interior 1802 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)<font size="16">Lauchstädt Theater Interor 1802: Eduard Genast describes the interior of the renovated theater in Lauchstädt in the summer of 1802: "The entire audience hall consisted actually of only a single room divided into three sections. The first, constituting the larger half and bordering the orchestra, was called the <i>parquet, </i>the second the <i>parterre, </i>and the third the <i>last place. </i>A semicircular balcony elevated above this latter space could seat approximately sixty persons."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/lauchstadt-theater-interior-1802.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/thumbs/thumbs_lauchstadt-theater-stage-1802.jpg]Lauchstädt Theater Stage 1802 (Neubert, Goethe und sein Kreis)<font size="16">Lauchstädt Theater Stage 1802: During the summer of 1802, Caroline and Schelling attended performances at the newly renovated theater in Lauchstät, one of which was Friedrich Schlegel's controversial <i>Alarcos</i>. Josef Körner describes one of the performances: "Although the piece was never reprised in Weimar, it was performed in guest performances in Lauchstädt. There, too, as Goethe's wife recounts, an anti-Schlegelian group inspired by August von Kotzebue tried to disrupt the performance; but the Jena students in attendance, who were in the majority, shouted them down, thereby assisting the piece to a triumphant performance...In the autumn of that year, a decree from the duke himself seems to have banned both <i>Alarcos </i>and Wilhelm Schlegel's <i>Ion </i>from the Weimar stage forever."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1801-1802/lauchstadt-theater-stage-1802.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_mereau-sophie-um-1798.jpg]<font size="15">Sophie Mereau. Caroline writes to Wilhelm Schlegel about Mereau's 1801 divorce: "In the Mereau affair, the duke indicated without further ado to the consistory that it was to list the marriage as having been annulled...The issue now is to dispose him to grant such a privilege a <i>second </i>time, since he might well be disinclined to do so precisely because he recently granted the same privilege and does not want the exception to become the rule."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/mereau-sophie-um-1798.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_duke-carl-august-of-saxe-weimar-eisenach.jpg]<font size="15">Duke Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar, who would grant Caroline and Wilhelm's divorce in May 1803 with at least nominal circumvention of the consistory, though Schelling writes to Wilhelm Schlegel in September 1802: "The person who gave this advice has also offered to take on the task of bribing this particular member of the consistory in a pious enough fashion...The amount one would have to countenance would be approximately 100 <i>Rth., </i>of which Caroline is offering to pay half."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/duke-carl-august-of-saxe-weimar-eisenach.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_murrhardt.jpg]Murrhardt (photo: VdK-Ortsverband Murrhardt)<font size="16">Murrhardt: Caroline and Schelling were married here by Schelling's father on 26 June 1803. Caroline on her arrival: "Greetings to you from this distant and peaceful region...This place is situated at the foot of the mountain range, one not at all so wild, separating Franconia and Swabia, amid a setting that is not only even more charming than we had anticipated, indeed, not even just charming alone, but absolutely <i>delightful, </i>situated in a broad valley between various hills and brooks."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/murrhardt.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_jnmr.jpg]<font size="16">Church of St. Januarius, Murrhardt</font><font size="12"> (photo: Peter Schmelzle),<font size="16"> where Schelling's father married Caroline and Schelling on the afternoon of 26 June 1803. Schelling writes to Hegel in Jena on 11 July 1803: "Write me again in Murrhardt if you do write, since I am unsure where I will be staying next. I will, however, not be leaving Württemberg before the end of August. Because of your friendship you will not be indifferent to the news that I have recently been married to my lady friend; she sends her warm regards and asks that you extend them to the Frommanns [in Jena] as well; we have been so distracted here that it has not been possible for her to write to them herself."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/jnmr.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-as-maria-stuart-2.jpg]Friederike Unzelmann<font size="16">Friederike Unzelmann, here in Schiller's <i>Maria Stuart</i>, a role Caroline saw her perform not only in Weimar on 21 September 1801, but also in Stuttgart in 1803: "That evening, Maria Stuart was performed...Although the actors are <i>abominable, </i>Madam Unzelmann played the role of Maria even more magnificently than when we saw her before."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/unzelmann-friederike-as-maria-stuart-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig_ferdinand-by-dora-stock.jpg]Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (by Dora Stock)<font size="15">Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, ca. 1800. Caroline on the performance of <i>Maria Stuart </i>in Stuttgart: "During the performance itself, fickle fate arranged things such that I ended up with the only neighbor to whom I could <i>not </i>be completely indifferent. <i>Huber </i>sat in front of me. I did not want to speak to him, for I had actually intended not to see the Hubers at all...I had leveled some bitter truths at him concerning his stupid review of <i>Athenäum </i>which I can never retract. He for his part followed my lead and also did not speak."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/huber-ludwig_ferdinand-by-dora-stock.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/thumbs/thumbs_unzelmann-friederike-bethmann.jpg]Friederieke Bethmann (Unzelmann)<font size="15">"One funny thing is that she made a gift to Schelling (who wears a large, three-cornered hat all the time) of the same, large kind of hat she had just bought in Frankfurt for her role as the "little sailor." It was one of those one can fold up and thus pack quite well; it also fit <i>him </i>perfectly and has prompted great jubilation, especially here at the prelature, where they could not for the life of them figure out how <i>one </i>hat could fit both the actress <i>and </i>the philosopher."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1803/unzelmann-friederike-bethmann.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg-in-the-17th-century.jpg]Würzburg in the 17th Century<font size="16">Würzburg in the 17th Century: Caroline and Schelling arrived here in the autumn of 1803. Although Schelling's appointment seemed promising enough, trouble with adversaries soon began. It was, however, a time when Schelling had considerable contact with physicians and medical scholars in connection with his philosophy of nature, and when Caroline would publish several anonymous literary reviews in the <i>Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung</i>. Wilhelm Schlegel would also visit them there in 1804 on his way to Coppet with Madame de Staël.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/wurzburg-in-the-17th-century.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_zentner-georg-friedrich-von.jpg]Georg Friedrich von Zentner<font size="16">Georg Friedrich von Zentner, director of education in Bavaria, including the universities. He writes to Schelling in November 1803, trouble having already arisen in Würzburg: "The <i>Elegante Zeitung </i>published some rather <i>inelegant </i>reviews of several opponents of your system. You will no doubt disapprove with me of such––I would like for you to be both acknowledged and respected in Germany as the calm, dispassionate seeker of truth, i.e., as the true philosopher you are and which I myself have come to know in you."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/zentner-georg-friedrich-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg.jpg]Würzburg, late 19th century (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C)<font size="16">Würzburg, late 19th century: Caroline and Schelling lived here from the autumn of 1803 till the spring of 1806, Caroline finally leaving the city in late May 1806 to meet up in Munich with Schelling, who had left in late April.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/wurzburg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_regentenbau.jpg]<font size="16">Regent's Building in the Catholic Seminary in Würzburg (<a target="data" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/geschichte/das-alte-seminar/"><u>pre-1945 postcard</u></a>), Caroline and Schelling's residence 1803-06. Caroline writes in January 1804: "It's just that I have still not gotten any further than a merely provisional stage in arranging the apartment; my own rooms—of which there are 4: a bedroom, living room, and 2 larger rooms for company, all in a single row connected by double doors with glass panes—are only just now being finished. Only Schelling's auditorium was ready, as is also appropriate, a nicely decorated hall, splendid in a completely different way than the one in Jena and with even more people attending."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/regentenbau.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_wurzburg-1832.jpg]Würzburg in 1832<font size="16">Würzburg. Initially, the Schellings, von Hovens, and Pauluses lived in the former Catholic seminary, ceded to the electorate of Bavaria as a result of secularization in 1803, here the triangular structure. Their building, the Regent's Building, forms the left side of the triangle, the main seminary building the top side, and the Borgias Building the bottom side.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/wurzburg-1832.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_paulus-h-e-g.jpg]Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus<font size="16">H.E.G. Paulus continued as Schelling's nemesis in Würzburg: "Schelling's mode of teaching has had the absolutely <i>worst </i>influence on students, especially medical students, who have now lost all inclination to comprehend more deeply anything in the more useful and practical subjects. Whence primarily the wish to appoint a <i>different</i> philosopher..."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/paulus-h-e-g.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_regentenbau-treppenhaus.jpg]<font size="16">Regent's Building interior, Catholic Seminary in Würzburg (<a target="data" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/geschichte/das-alte-seminar/"><u>pre-1945 postcard</u></a>), Caroline and Schelling's residence. Wilhelm von Hoven writes about the move into the adjoining Borgias Building in 1804: "We moved into the second story, Paulus into the third, and Schelling was to occupy the fourth, though he decided to remain in his previous apartment [in the Regent's Building], which was in fact not a poor decision at all, since that apartment was not only quite handsome, but also because immediately adjoing the living area it also had a classroom more beautiful than which one would surely find no other in Würzburg, and which was moreover large enough to accommodate the crowd of students wanting to attend his lectures. "<\font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/regentenbau-treppenhaus.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-2.jpg]Wilhelm Schlegel<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel: After visiting Caroline in Würzburg in May 1804 shortly after joining Madame de Staël, he writes: "She seemed inclined to erase all the bitterness of memory, and was moved at my departure. Her appearance seemed to me better and healthier than in Berlin, and, of course, she always knows how to dress flatteringly and to arrange her surroundings quite handsomely. She had set up the busts of Goethe and Auguste in a large salon, and had two large orange trees just inside the windows. In the living room I saw the beloved portrait of Auguste again."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/schlegel-wilhelm-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-1810-by-p-veit.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel 1810 (by Philipp Veit)<font size="15">Friedrich Schlegel. He writes to Karoline Paulus in Würzburg in 1804: "It is admittedly rather astonishing that you are now living under the same roof as Madam Schelling; but, then again, not all <i>that </i>astonishing, since thorns and thistles, cockles and other foul undergrowth are invariably able to grab a foothold in even the most fertile wheatfield. May God grant that the <i>devil </i>come fetch her soon, and do so with the appropriate pomp and circumstance commensurate with her standing; there will in any case certainly be no lack of <i>stench.</i>"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/schlegel-friedrich-1810-by-p-veit.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_veit-dorothea2.jpg]Dorothea Veit<font size="15">Dorothea Veit writes in 1805: "Bertram...is a zealous Catholic and is studying day and night to learn about a powerful kind of exorcism...The most powerful weapon of all is the so-called <i>devil's scourge, </i>whose special powers include forcing Satan, the instant it touches him, even if he be disguised as the most beautiful of angels, to turn <i>back </i>into his original, misshapen form, with all his claws and horns and tail etc. Well, slipping this little bundle secretly beneath <i>Madame Lucifer's most precious parts </i>in an elegant tea circle would no doubt have a <i>quite </i>entertaining effect indeed."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/veit-dorothea2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bramstedt.jpg]Bramsted Estate<font size="16">Bramsted Estate near Hamburg: From 1797 the estate of Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer, in whom Lotte Michaelis had been infatuated and with whom Caroline carried on an intensive correspondence from 1786 till 1794. Luise Wiedemann visited Meyer in 1805: "As soon as we arrived in this tiny nest Bramstedt, which is anything but charmingly situated, I asked the maid in the house whether she knew where a Herr Meyer lived. "Indeed, yes, in that house."..I had him summoned to us, upon which he did indeed immediately arrive as an honorable estate lord, and was infinitely pleased at our being there...his external appearance was still the same, and it seemed to me he had not really changed at all, his eyes still amiable and clear—he was wearing a gray jacket and blue striped linen trousers, I could not help thinking about the zebra coat in which he was so famously handsome—he seems to be happier now than at that earlier time."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/bramstedt.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_holderlin-friedrich.jpg]Friedrich Hölderlin<font size="16">Friedrich Hölderlin: Arguably the most sublime poet in the German language. Schelling's friend from childhood and seminary. Schelling describes the wrenching scenes of his encounters with Hölderlin in 1803 and 1804 after Hölderlin's mental deterioration: "The sight of him unsettled me; he has neglected his external appearance to the point of disgust, and though his speech is less suggestive of madness, he has otherwise wholly assumed the mannerisms of someone in such a condition."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/holderlin-friedrich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_hoven-friedrich-wilhelm-von.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm von Hoven<font size="16">Friedrich Wilhelm von Hoven: A Swabian and Schelling's colleague in Würzburg. His wife, Henriette, on Caroline: "Neither all her magnificent clothes, her trumeaux for 100 <i>Thaler, </i>her carpets, expensive oven screens, Turkish seats, nor the servants prompted me to change anything in my own domestic arrangements. In return, I admittedly received an honorific title––the <i>Swabian kitchen maid...</i>She no doubt expected me to be someone completely different, more cultivated, learned, obedient..."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/hoven-friedrich-wilhelm-von.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_oken-lorenz.jpg]Lorenz Oken<font size="16">Lorenz Oken: Eclectic natural scientist and philosopher, from 1807 professor in Jena, one of Schelling's early followers and correspondents and one of the next occupants of the apartment in Jena where the Schlegels had lived (the first index of Jena residents lists him as living there in 1810).</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/oken-lorenz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_huber-ludwig-ferdinand.jpg]Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (oil by Carl Ludwig Kaaz 1801)<font size="15">L.F. Huber, who died in December 1804. Caroline in Febraury 1805 about a dream: "I asked him why he had grieved us so, and told him how gladly I would have changed places with him, for, 'Huber,' I said, 'after all, I have more to seek in heaven than you do.' I was thinking about <i>Auguste, </i>just as she is always quite present for me. He said—"if you are serious, then give me your hand"—I gave him my hand across the table, his was quite warm, which I immediately noticed, since, after all, he was no longer alive. And then I woke up."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/huber-ludwig-ferdinand.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_eichstadt-heinrich-karl-abraham-after-f-ries-1841.jpg]<font size="16">Heinrich Karl Eichstädt, editor of the <i>Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung, </i>to which Caroline contributed several anonymous literary reviews. Goethe was "quite pleased" with the review of a <i>Musenalmanach </i> she published in 1805, and one scholar even believed Goethe himself to be its author, insisting he could discern "the masterful hand of Goethe in the manner and tone." Eichstädt, knowing full well Caroline was the author, remarks to Schelling: "I certainly cannot relate a more pleasant word of thanks for the contributed review to the reviewer, be it <i>him </i>or <i>her.</i>"</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/eichstadt-heinrich-karl-abraham-after-f-ries-1841.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/thumbs/thumbs_windischmann-karl-joseph-hieronymus.jpg]Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann<font size="16">K. J. H. Windischmann: Professor in Aschaffenburg and an admirer of both Schelling and Caroline, writing to Caroline shortly before she left Würzburg for more distant Munich: "For truly, few could possibly wish your well being as ardently as do I, for my love and affection increases daily, nor could I imagine any greater bliss than to live together with you in the same locale. How easily and gladly would I then be willing to renounce all other company."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1802-1809/windischmann-karl-joseph-hieronymus.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_munich-karlthor-franz-thurn-1826.jpg]Munich Karlsthor (western city gate; by Franz Thurn, 1826)<font size="16">Munich, Karlsthor, by Franz Thurn, 1826: On moving to Munich in May 1806, Caroline and Schelling initially lived in this complex of buildings constituting the western edge of the original city walls. They lived on the third floor in the northernmost building (the "corner house," no. 7, indicated by the arrow). The scientist Johann Wilhelm Ritter, their acquaintance from Jena, also lived in this complex of buildings.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/munich-karlthor-franz-thurn-1826.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_rumohr-carl-friedrich-von-1802.jpg]Karl Friedrich von Rumohr, oil by F.C. Gröger<font size="16">Karl Friedrich von Rumohr in 1802: "Our <i>barone,</i>" as Caroline refers to him. An art historian who published a multivolume, pioneering work on Italian art as well as a book on cooking that is still in print today. Caroline in 1808: "His sense for hearty eating is equally well developed. There can be absolutely <i>no </i>criticism of his understanding of cuisine, except that it is abominable to hear someone speak as intimately about a <i>sea crab </i>as about a portrayal of the little Lord Jesus."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/rumohr-carl-friedrich-von-1802.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_bernhardi-sophie-by-unbekannt-um-1825.jpg]Sophie von Knorring (Bernhardi) ca. 1825<font size="16">Sophie von Knorring (née Tieck): Caroline writes in 1807: "Madame Bernhardi the Insufferable remained behind there [Rome] with the sculptor Tieck. Knorring will also be returning . . . perhaps there will even be a divorce from Herr Bernhardi, since Knorring is utterly in the clutches of this pale, gaunt, toothless and eyebrowless and hairless woman with her imperious, obstinate, essentially evil character—but Tieckean visions."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/bernhardi-sophie-by-unbekannt-um-1825.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_tieck-leseabend-munchen.jpg]Ludwig Tieck, reading aloud in Munich<font size="16">Ludwig Tieck reading to an evening gathering in Munich (Schelling is seated at the extreme left). Caroline writes in 1808: "Tieck, who reads plays aloud and who on several evenings has already transported us into that illusion where one feels one is sitting before a stage on which <i>every </i>role has been assigned to the most select actor. Although he was already excellent at reading aloud earlier, now it is the best one can experience in that genre, indeed, it is something quite singular. He virtually <i>shapes </i>each piece precisely by reading it as he does."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/tieck-leseabend-munchen.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_stael-madame-de-stael-as-corinne.jpg]Germaine de Staël as Corinne (by M. L. E. Vigée-Lebrun)<font size="15">Germaine de Staël 1808. Caroline writes: "Beyond all the intellect she already possesses, Frau von Staël also had intellect and heart enough to become quite fond of Schelling. She is a phenomenon full of vital energy, egoism, and incessant intellectual activity. Her external appearance is transfigured by her inner soul and is indeed in need of such, for there are moments—or rather <i>clothes—</i>when she looks like a sutler, and when one can nonetheless still simultaneously imagine her being quite capable of playing the role of <i>Phèdre </i>in the loftiest tragic sense."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/stael-madame-de-stael-as-corinne.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_arnim-bettina-von-ca-1810.jpg]Bettina Brentano, ca. 1810<font size="16">Bettina Brentano, ca. 1810: "I found Madame Schelling there [in Munich], ugly as a worn-out fur wrap." Caroline: "Then also Bettina Brentano, who looks like a little Berlin Jewess and and racks her brain for wit, not that she is by any means wanting in intelligence, <i>tout au contraire, </i>but it is so sad to see how she strains, distends, and distorts that which she has. All the Brentanos have an extremely <i>unnatural </i>nature."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/arnim-bettina-von-ca-1810.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-walhalla.jpg]Schelling's Bust in the Valhalla Commemorative Hall<font size="16">Schelling's bust in Ludwig I's Valhalla commemorative hall: Bettina von Arnim in 1809: "Friedrich Tieck is working on Schelling's bust just now. It will be no more handsome than he himself, hence quite abominable, and yet it is a beautiful piece." Caroline: "...something the crown prince wants for his marble collection of great German men...He chose Schelling alone from Munich and the Academy." (Finished in 1859 by A. H. Lossow.)</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/schelling-walhalla.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_maulbronn-ephorat.jpg]Maulbronn Ephorat (undated photo)<font size="16">Maulbronn, Ephorat (headmaster's residence), where Schelling's father and mother lived when Schelling Sr. was headmaster, or <i>Ephorus, </i>at the school. On 7 September 1809, Caroline died probably either on the second (the headmaster's private residence) or third floor (the guest quarters).</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/maulbronn-ephorat.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-gottliebin.jpg]Gottliebin Schelling<font size="16">Gottliebin Schelling, Schelling's mother. She writes from Maulbronn in September 1809 to Meta Liebeskind, one of the original "University Mamsells": "Because my dear son is unable to direct his quill sufficiently to write, it falls to me, his elderly mother, to take on the painful task of informing you that his dear wife, our good Caroline, is no more. Oh, but how this news will pierce right through you."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/1806-1809/schelling-gottliebin.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_caroline-obelisk-in-maulbronn.jpg]Caroline's Obelisk in Maulbronn (photo: webmaster)<font size="16">Caroline's obelisk in Maulbronn. She died on 7 September 1809 and was buried on 9 September 1809. Schelling writes to F.I. Niethammer in October 1809: "Herr von Stengel has a drawing of the church in Maulbronn. Behind it, close to the rear wall, is the resting place of the beloved." During the nineteenth century, however, all gravemarkers were removed from that area, and her obelisk now stands to the side of the church against a retaining wall.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/caroline-obelisk-in-maulbronn.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-pauline-nee-gotter.jpg]<font size="16">Pauline Schelling, née Gotter: Youngest daughter of Caroline's lifelong friend Luise Gotter, and herself one of Caroline's correspondents. She writes to Schelling in 1809: "So, she is no more, this precious, unforgettable friend, who lived in our hearts like a second mother, whom we admired with childlike tenderness and love."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schelling-pauline-nee-gotter.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_cotta-johann-friedrich-deutsches-literaturarchiv-marbach.jpg]<font size="16">Johann Friedrich Cotta, Tübingen publisher not only of Goethe and Schiller, but also of Wilhelm Schlegel and Schelling. After the shock of Auguste's and Caroline's deaths, in 1812 Schelling requested that Cotta gather information on the health of Pauline Gotter while in Gotha, where she lived. The report was good, and Schelling and Pauline married on 11 June 1812.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/cotta-johann-friedrich-deutsches-literaturarchiv-marbach.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-1848.jpg]Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1848<font size="15">Schelling in a (colorized) daguerreotype, 1848. Schelling returned to Munich after Caroline's death, but later also taught in Erlangen and Berlin, though he actually published very little. He died on 20 August 1854 in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland, during a leave of absence from his position in Berlin for health reasons.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schelling-friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-1848.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-3.jpg]<font size="15">Wilhelm Schlegel in later years. In 1818 Schlegel turned down a chance to teach at the university in Berlin in favor of a position at the newly formed university in Bonn so that his new wife, Sophie Paulus, daughter of H.E.G. Paulus, might remain closer to her mother in Heidelberg, where Paulus was teaching. But the marriage failed, with Sophie never even leaving Heidelberg (and yet they never divorced). Schlegel, however, remained in Bonn, where he became instrumental in establishing the academic discipline of Sanskrit studies, even translating the <i>Bhagavad Gita.</i></font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schlegel-wilhelm-3.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_bad-ragaz.jpg]Bad Ragaz, Switzerland (postcard)<font size="16">Bad Ragaz, Switzerland, where Schelling died and is buried.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/bad-ragaz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schelling-grab-bad-ragaz.jpg]Schelling's Gravesite in Bad Ragaz<font size="16">Schelling's gravesite in Bad Ragaz, Switzerland. He died in 1854.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schelling-grab-bad-ragaz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-philipp-grabstein.jpg]Gravesite of Philipp Michaelis<font size="16">Gravesite of Philipp Michaelis in Hamburg-Harburg</font> <font size="14"> (photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/martin-reulecke/">Martin Reulecke</a></u>)</font>. <font size="17">Caroline's younger brother outlived her by only two years, dying in 1811 in Harburg, where he was a physician. Although the gravesites of Caroline, Lotte, and Philipp Michaelis are still known, those of Caroline's father, mother, half-brother Fritz, and sister Luise are not.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/michaelis-philipp-grabstein.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein-2.jpg]Gravesite of Charlotte Dieterich, née Michaelis<font size="16">Gravesite of Charlotte Dieterich, née Michaelis, in Göttingen, Caroline's oldest sister, who died on 2 April 1793</font> <font size="14"> (photo <u><a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/martin-reulecke/">Martin Reulecke</a></u>).</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/dieterich-charlotte-nee-michaelis-grabstein-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-friedrich-dresdener-friedhof.jpg]Friedrich Schlegel's Gravesite in Dresden<font size="16">Friedrich Schlegel's gravesite in the Old Catholic Cemetery in Dresden. He died in 1839.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schlegel-friedrich-dresdener-friedhof.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-dorothea-von-claudia-golz.jpg]Dorothea Schlegel's Gravesite in Frankfurt (photo Claudia Gölz)<font size="16">Dorothea Schlegel's gravesite in the main cemetery in Frankfurt am Main. She died in 1839.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schlegel-dorothea-von-claudia-golz.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schlegel-wilhelm-bonner-friedhof.jpg]Wilhelm Schlegel's Gravesite in Bonn<font size="16">Wilhelm Schlegel's gravesite in Bonn. He died in 1845.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schlegel-wilhelm-bonner-friedhof.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_haym-rudolf.jpg]<font size="13">Rudolf Haym (photo from Haym's 1902 memoirs): Literary historian in Halle, author of the magisterial work on the Jena Romantics, <i>Die romantische Schule; </i>Caroline's first <u><a href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/rudolf-haym-1871" target="data">biographer</a></u>. On Caroline's letters to Schelling after Auguste's death: "Poetry has never dared portray such a wondrous play of emotions as emerged in this woman's breast, such an ebb and flow of the most profound grief and sunniest serenity, such an admixing and separating of waves of the most varied love. For with every attempt, it would fail; the improbable would not be believable, nor the believable graceful. Reality is richer than fiction."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/haym-rudolf.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_dilthey-wilhelm-ca-1874.jpg]<font size="16">Wilhelm Dilthey (ca. 1874). Philosopher, historian, psychologist in Basel, Kiel, Breslau, and Berlin, whose monumental first volume of his biography of Schleiermacher (1870) dealt extensively with Schleiermacher's relationship with the Jena circle, and whose 4-volume edition of Schleiermacher's letters (1860-63) provided an initial look into his correspondence with the Schlegels.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/dilthey-wilhelm-ca-1874.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_waitz-georg.jpg]<font size="16">Georg Waitz (photo Bernhard Petri, ca. 1855): Renowned legal historian who married Schelling's daughter Clara in 1842. After working on the project for nearly twenty years, in 1871 he published the first, two-volume edition of Caroline's letters. See his introduction to that edition <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/waitz-1871-introduction/"><u>here</u></a>.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/waitz-georg.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_scherer-wilhelm.jpg]<font size="15">Wilhelm Scherer, literary historian, in his <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/wilhelm-scherer-1871-1874/"><u>essay</u></a> on Waitz's edition of Caroline's letters: "Anyone interested in the literary scene and literary factions in Germany at the end of the previous and the beginning of the present century will draw a wealth of information from these volumes, and will encounter the story of a woman one cannot follow without being profoundly moved."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/scherer-wilhelm.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_huch-ricarda.jpg]<font size="16">Ricarda Huch, who assessed Caroline in an <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/ricarda-huch-1899/"><u>essay</u></a> in her early monograph on the Romantics and in 1914 published a selection of her letters, concluding her introduction as follows: "May those who read her letters perceive in her written communication that same melodious voice with which she enraptured listeners when reading poems aloud, and through that voice allow her personality to emerge, which alone ultimately can explain all the riddles and seeming contradictions of her life."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/huch-ricarda.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_schmidt-erich.jpg]<font size="14">Erich Schmidt: Literary historian and rector of the university in Berlin. In 1913 he published an expanded version of Caroline's correspondence based on the earlier edition of Georg Waitz. This English translation is based on that 1913 edition, about which Schmidt himself remarks in his own introductory <a target="data" href="http://www.carolineschelling.com/schmidt-1913-introduction/"><u>essay</u></a>: "Alongside documents of love and admiration, it also includes those that allow varying degrees of antipathy to emerge. It engages in advocacy neither for nor against, since this singular woman is strong enough to stand on her own."</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/schmidt-erich.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/thumbs/thumbs_korner-josef.jpg]<font size="16">Josef Körner (1888–1950): Austrian-Czechoslovakian literary historian and one of the most brilliant epistolary editors of the 20th century in German studies, his merits including especially editions of the letters of Wilhelm, Friedrich, and Dorothea Schlegel with their indispensable and encyclopedic annotations. Suffered as a Jew both before and during the National Socialist period.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue/korner-josef.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_michaelis-house.jpg]Michaelis House in Göttingen (photo: Wolfgang Beisert)<font size="16">The Michaelis House in Göttingen today, Prinzenstrasse 21, Caroline's childhood home.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/michaelis-house.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-18.jpg]<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1932. Although the building in which Caroline lived with her brother 1789-91 was renovated ca. 1900, the essential appearance seems to have remained the same.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/reitgasse-14-18.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-24.jpg]<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1971. The building was demolished along with its neighbor (Reitgasse 15) in 1965 to make way for new structures. This photo shows the empty lots of the two buildings after their removal. The earlier half-timber <i>Fachwerk </i>construction is clearly visible in the houses that were left standing.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/reitgasse-14-24.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_reitgasse-14-25.jpg]<font size="16">Reitgasse 14 in Marburg, 1971, during the construction of the new edifice on the properties Reitgasse 14 and 15. This photo is of particular interest insofar as it shows the view Caroline had from her window on the back side of the house and about which she speaks in several letters, namely, of the Lahn Valley, "through which the river runs and a couple of ravens take friendly flight." Towers associated with the university are visible in the background center right.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/reitgasse-14-25.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_koenigstein-fortress.jpg]<font size="16"><u><a target="data" href="http://www.historische-orte.de/html/koenigstein.html">Königstein Fortress </a></u> as it looks today. Caroline and Auguste were imprisoned here from 8 April till 14 June 1793. It was here, because of the increasing visibility of her pregnancy by a French officer in Mainz, that she contemplated suicide and even convinced Wilhelm Schlegel to secure her the means to carry it out.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/koenigstein-fortress.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_lucka-2011.jpg]<font size="16">Lucka 2011, just south of Leipzig</font> <font size="14">(photo: Christopher Nicolas)</font><font size="16">: Where Caroline and Auguste lived from 7 August 1793 till ca. 4 February 1794. Caroline's second son, Wilhelm Julius Krantz, was born here on 3 November 1794.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/lucka-2011.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1909.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in 1909 (photo: Ernst Wandersleb, Carl Zeiss Archiv, Jena)<font size="16">Caroline's former residence in Jena, Leutragasse 5, in 1909. The two rear edifices are clearly visible, as are the various windows and dormers of the main house and even a hint of the arched portal, partially in the shadows. The garden behind the building, portrayed in the earlier engraving, had since been developed with other houses.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/leutragasse-5-1909.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-2.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in 1932 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Another view of the courtyard of Caroline's residence in Jena at Leutragrasse 5, here in a 1932 photo (Caroline's windows to the left). This angle allows a view of the other rear edifice to the right (to the left in the earlier engraving), where the family of Gottlieb Hufeland lived, and of the buildings built behind the house since that engraving was done.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/hof-des-neuenhahnschen-hauses-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1932.jpg]Leutragasse 5, 1938 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Front view of Leutragasse 5 in 1938: A gentleman is standing in the doorway leading to the back courtyard where Caroline's apartment was located (the banner over the door says "Jenaische Zeitung"). The building had had the address "Leutragasse 5" since 1887, and the street itself was renamed Leutrastrasse. The house and complex now belonged to the Neuenhahn family, who bought the house in 1890 and published the <i>Jenaische Zeitung; </i>the complex also housed their printing offices.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/leutragasse-5-1932.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_jena-19-march-1945.jpg]Jena, 19 March 1945 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Jena on 19 March 1945 after allied bombing runs. Jena was also hit by bombing runs the previous month. Caroline's former residence, known as the "Neuenhahn" house since 1890, was completely destroyed.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/jena-19-march-1945.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-1945.jpg]Leutragasse 5 in Jena, 1945 (photo: Stadtmuseum Jena)<font size="16">Leutragasse 5 after allied bombing in March 1945. The damaged steeple of St. Michael's Church can be seen on the left. The house was essentially completely destroyed and subsequently razed. It is difficult to discern which part of the house is shown here, but from the camera angle it appears to be one of the rear structures.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/leutragasse-5-1945.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_leutragasse-5-2010.jpg]Leutragasse Area ca. 2010<font size="16">Leutragasse area ca. 2010: Caroline's residence at Leutragasse 5 was located in the area now occupied by the parking lot at the center of this contemporary photo.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/leutragasse-5-2010.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_regents-building-today.jpg]Regent's Building, Catholic Seminary Würzburg (photo from seminary website)<font size="16">Regent's Building, Catholic Seminary Würzburg, <a target="_blank" href="http://priesterseminar-wuerzburg.de/haus/"><u>contemporary photo</u></a>. The seminary buildings were destroyed by allied bombing on 16 March 1945, including the original Regent's Building where Caroline and Schelling lived 1803-6. This photo shows the triangular seminary structure as it looks today; the new Regent's Building is facing the camera.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/regents-building-today.jpg){kind=link}
![[img src=http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/thumbs/thumbs_bad-bocklet-4.jpg]Bad Bocklet (photo: GeLi+KäLi)<font size="16">Bad Bocklet, contemporary photo, street leading up to the cemetery where Auguste is buried.</font>](http://www.carolineschelling.com/wp-content/flagallery/epilogue-locales/bad-bocklet-4.jpg){kind=link}